<p>The Brechhorn is a high mountain in the Kitzbühel Alps in Austria. It lies between the valleys of the Aschauer Ache and the Windau.</p><br>
<h2>Use</h2><br>
<p>The upper slopes of the mountain are used to some extent as grazing for sheep, goats, cows and horses. No ski lifts, material ropeways or motor vehicle tracks run beyond the Brechhornhaus which means that the scenery during an ascent of the mountain is largely unspoilt.</p><br>
<h2>Ascent</h2><br>
<p>The most commonly used bases for an ascent of the Brechhorn are Aschau and Westendorf. The trails are all marked and, in places, well-signposted.</p><br>
<p>From Westendorf, hikers catch the Alpenrosenbahn cableway on the Nachtsöllberg to the high Talkaser and can then reach the Brechhornhaus quickly over two routes (east and west of the Fleiding peak). The house lies on the Kreuzjoch between the Gampenkogel and the Brechhorn, and is a good base for the subsequent climb.</p><br>
<p>In winter the mountain is especially popular with ski tourists and snowshoe walkers, who usually set off from Kirchberg i.T. and Aschau. The road is cleared during normal winter conditions as far as the car park at the start of the toll road. This route runs along the eastern flank of the mountain through the alpine pastures of Ebenau Alm, Durach Alm and Breitlab Alm, passing the Duracher Kogel peak on the way. It takes about 2 hours 50 minutes to reach the summit.</p><br>
<h3>Link to the Floch</h3><br>
<p>The summit of the Floch may be reached from the top of the Brechhorn on a short, unmarked, southerly trail that descends and then climbs again. This route also enables a descent into the Windautal valley, the trail running over the western flank of the mountain and through the cirque between the Brechhorn and the Floch. From the Brandeggalm a track runs to the ridgeway at Fleiding. The descent from the Brechhorn in a southerly direction is however only recommended for sure-footed hikers with a head for heights.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The summit has a summit cross made of wood and steel, where there is a stamp and a summit register.</p><br>
<p>To the north, the peaks of the Hohe Salve, Nachtsöllberg, Fleiding and Gampenkogel form an impressive array of high one-thousanders. To the south the view ranges over the Windautal valley and the main crest of the Kitzbühel Alps, including the Kröndlhorn and Salzachgeier.</p><br>
<p>To the southeast is the imposing and rugged flank of the Großer Rettenstein.</p><br>
<p>The Unterberg is a high, wooded, conical mountain peak above the Pillersee valley, near St. Ulrich am Pillersee and St. Jakob im Haus, Kitzbühel District, in Austria.</p><br>
<p>It stands out amongst the neighbouring and rather higher peaks (the Tannkogel, Weißleiten and Grieslegg ) due to its regular shape and stands right on the transition from the gently rolling Kitzbühel Alps to the rugged Loferer Steinberge. The former consist of crystalline slate, hence their rounded shapes, whilst the "stone mountains" (Steinberge) to the east are dominated by limestone rock faces. As a result, the shape and colour contrast between the Unterberg and its surroundings- e. g. in comparison with the neighbouring Grieslegg peak - is all the more striking.</p><br>
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<p>The Metro South Historic District is a 9 acre historic district in Middletown, Connecticut that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. The district includes 15 contributing buildings and one non-contributing building and is generally the area on the west side of Main Street from Church Street to College Street. The contributing buildings include two Greek Revival churches: a Baptist church  and Universalist Church . and The district also includes examples of Renaissance and Federal architecture. One of the buildings, the Middlesex Opera House was designed by nationally known architect Francis Kimball.</p><br>
<h2>List of contributing buildings</h2><br>
<p>Caleb Fuller House (1771, also included in Middletown South Green Historic District)</p><br>
<p>Rev. John Cookson House (1837)</p><br>
<p>Southmayd House (1747)</p><br>
<p>First Baptist Church (1842)</p><br>
<p>Gen. Mansfield House (1810, houses the Middlesex Historical Society)</p><br>
<p>Hall House (1796)</p><br>
<p>109-111 College Street (1926, building that used to serve as entrance for Middlesex Theater)</p><br>
<p>Middlesex Theater/Opera House (1892)</p><br>
<p>Former firehouse (1896)</p><br>
<p>G.A. Chafee Building (1870)</p><br>
<p>Universalist Church (1839)</p><br>
<p>191-195 Main Street (1835)</p><br>
<p>Middlesex Assurance Co.</p><br>
<p>State Armory (1921), including John Watkinson House (1810)</p><br>
<p>Charles Boardman House (1750s)</p><br>
<p>The Carroll County Courthouse is a historic county courthouse located at Hillsville, Carroll County, Virginia. It was built between 1870 and 1875, and is a two-story brick building with a gable roof. It features a two-story, pedimented portico in the Doric order. The building is topped by an octagonal cupola. The courthouse was the scene of the famous Hillsville massacre of March 14, 1912, in which five persons, including the presiding judge, were killed in a courtroom battle.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Carroll County Historical Society and Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Carroll County Historical Society and Museum is located in the historic courthouse. The museum is focused on the heritage and culture of Carroll County, and includes early Native American and Civil War artifacts. The Society also offers tours of the historic building.</p><br>
<p>Lovelock Cave  is a North American archaeological site previously known as Sunset Guano Cave, Horseshoe Cave, and Loud Site 18. The cave is about 150 feet long and 35 feet wide. Lovelock Cave is one of the most important classic sites of the Great Basin region because the conditions of the cave are conducive to the preservation of organic and inorganic material. The cave was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 24, 1984. It was the first major cave in the Great Basin to be excavated, and the Lovelock Cave people are part of the University of California Archaeological Community&#39;s Lovelock Cave Station.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The large rock shelter is north of modern-day Humboldt Sink. Lovelock Cave is in the Lake Lahontan region, next to the former lakebed of Lake Lahontan. It was formed by the lake’s currents and wave action. It was first a rock shelter. Eventually an earthquake collapsed the overhang of the mouth. Lake Lahontan was a large Pleistocene pluvial lake that covered much of western Nevada. Due to drier Holocene climate the water elevation dropped and much smaller lakes remain such as Lake Humboldt, Pyramid Lake, and Carson Lake. The dry environment of the cave resulted in a wealth of well-preserved artifacts that provide a glimpse on how people lived in the area. Lovelock Cave was in use as early as 2580 BC but was not intensely inhabited until around 1000 BC. People occupied Lovelock Cave for over 4,000 years. The initial discoveries of artifacts and excavations, in the early 20th century, were not very well executed, which resulted in a loss of archaeological information. However more recent investigations were more careful and meticulous. A wealth of knowledge pertaining to life on the Great Basin has come from this important site because many unique artifacts have been successfully recovered.</p><br>
<h2>Earliest discovery of artifacts</h2><br>
<p>In 1911 two miners, David Pugh and James Hart, were hired to mine for bat guano from the cave to be used as fertilizer. They removed a layer of guano estimated to be three to six feet deep and weighing about 250 tons. Heizer and Napton’s review of the excavation states “ was dug up from the upper cave deposits, screened on the hillside outside the cave, and shipped to a fertilizer company in San Francisco.” Miners had dumped the top layers of Lovelock into a heap outside of the cave. The miners were aware of the artifacts but only the most interesting specimens were saved. Unfortunately, the first exploration was unsystematic and the loss of material and damage to the site strata was considerable in large portions of the cave. L.L. Loud of the Paleontology Department at the University of California was contacted by the mining company when the refuse left by the ancient people proved so plentiful that fertilizer could no longer be collected.</p><br>
<h2>First archaeological investigation</h2><br>
<p>In the spring of 1912 A.L. Kroeber sent L. L. Loud, an employee of the Museum of Anthropology, University of California to recover any materials that remained from the guano mining of the previous year. Loud excavated Lovelock Cave for five months and reportedly collected roughly 10,000 material remains. The majority of the archaeological record was gathered from three areas: a dump outside the cave left by miners, lower level deposits from the northwest end of the cave, and undisturbed refuse along the outlying edges of the cave. Unfortunately, Loud did not maintain a comprehensive report of the excavation so detailed information is not available. The method and procedure of archaeological excavations has improved over the years and Loud’s excavation does not fit into the standards of today’s practices. He labeled the individual dig locations as “lots” without establishing any grid system. Grid systems are used to determine origin and depth of archaeological record. Loud recorded 41 lots. Heizer and Napton tried to further detail Loud’s findings but because Loud was not consistent with his methods of recording data their efforts were ineffective.</p><br>
<h2>Later excavations</h2><br>
<p>Twelve years after the first excavation Loud returned to Lovelock Cave with M.R. Harrington in the summer of 1924. The Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, New York commissioned Harrington and Loud, who, assisted by local Paiute Indians, attempted to recover any materials left from previous investigations. They found leftover fragments that had been ignored by collectors in the east end and center of the cave. The team also dug to the base of the deposits in the west end. This excavation resulted in the discovery of the famous duck decoy cache.</p><br>
<p>The American Museum of Natural History sponsored Nels Nelson to conduct a surface collection of Lovelock Cave in 1936. However, no archaeological material recovered was admitted to the museum’s collection.</p><br>
<p>Robert Heizer came to Lovelock Cave in 1949 to collect organic material for radiocarbon dating. He later returned in 1950 and 1965 with a field group to sift through the remains that the miners left behind in a slope in front of the cave and collect coprolites. In excavations with Lewis Napton during 1968 and 1969 disturbed human remains were discovered. The remains found were so scattered that a complete recovery was never possible. Human coprolites found at Lovelock Cave are instrumental in piecing together the cultures’ subsistence patterns, specifically the kinds of food the Indians were eating. Indians in the area were primarily eating birds, fish and other fauna that lived near the lake. They also collected and stored vegetation for winter months. Furthermore, because coprolites are organic material, they could be dated with the radiocarbon dating technique.</p><br>
<h3>Duck decoys</h3><br>
<p>The most renowned discovery at Lovelock Cave was a cache of eleven duck decoys. M.R. Harrington and L.L. Loud found when they were digging for the Museum of the American Indian in 1924 in Pit 12, Lot 4.</p><br>
<p>The first attempt to date the decoys with radiocarbon dating techniques in 1969 was unsuccessful because the material got lost. Later samples could not be acquired without causing extensive damage to the decoys so they were not dated until the development of the Accelerator Mass Spectrometric (AMS) dating technique. Technological advances with AMS dating meant that much smaller, milligram-size, specimens from archaeological record were ample size for dating. Samples were retrieved from two duck decoys and A. J. T. Tull of the University of Arizona, Tucson conducted the dating of the specimens. In 1984 he reported the dates to Don D. Fowler. Duck Decoy 13/4513, Lovelock Cave was dated at 2,080 + 330 BP, and Duck Decoy 13/4512B was dated at 2,250 + 230BP.</p><br>
<h3>Prehistoric sling</h3><br>
<p>A hand woven textile sling was collected by Loud in 1912 but it was not reported or studied extensively until years later. Archaeologists are interested in the specific specimen because it is recognized as one of the earliest slings in North America. The Indians of the Northern Paiute or Paviotso were occupants of the area during historic times and they recognized the sling as a toy or used for hunting and war. Slings were known to serve different purposes such as a toy, a forehead band, or a mechanism for hunting birds. The design of the sling found at Lovelock was constructed through a simple knotting technique from a two-ply yarn. The pattern on the sling is reversible. It was likely made from various pieces of available fiber. The sling found at Lovelock is just one of the many handmade textile items of the cave. Traps and nets were also crafted to assist hunters during their search for food. Baskets and other food storage items were used to ensure that during times of resource scarcity everyone would have enough food for survival.</p><br>
<h3>Dating</h3><br>
<p>The burials from Lovelock Cave do not appear to be similar to the earlier burials from Spirit Cave or to the later burials from Stillwater Marsh. The eight burials from Lovelock Cave were buried at various times between 4,500 and 900 years B.P.</p><br>
<p>There are also the similar, approximately contemporaneous Elephant Mountain Cave bundle burials from the Black Rock Desert north of Lovelock, Nevada. The site was extensively looted, and its study is difficult. A pair of sandals from the cave have been radiocarbon dated to 10,000 years ago, making them the oldest footwear ever found in Nevada and among the oldest in the world.</p><br>
<h2>Life at Lovelock Cave</h2><br>
<p>Humans utilized the cave starting around 2580 BC but it was not intensively used until 1000 BC. Lovelock Cave is believed to have been occupied extensively during the winter months. Summer months may have been plagued with insects that would make life near a marsh undesirable. The findings at the site reveal lengthy periods of occupation and also show the complicated techniques used by hunters and gatherers to acquire resources.</p><br>
<p>Lovelock Cave overlooks Humboldt Sink, a remnant of Lake Lahontan. The human coprolites recovered from Lovelock Cave reveal that 90 percent of the diet came from Humboldt Sink. All sizes of fish were eaten and hunting techniques included the use of nets, traps, and hooks made from fishbone. Dietary staples include: Lahontan Chub, ducks, and mudhens. Plants such as bulrush, cattail, and other grasses were also significant food sources. The environment of the Great Basin is very diverse. The amount of rainfall varies year to year. A wet year can potentially produce six times more vegetation than a dry year. Hunter-gatherers of the Great Basin survived on a wide variety of resources to adapt to a changing environment. The inhabitants of Lovelock Cave were fortunate to live around a rich lowland marsh, the duck and goose decoys were ideal for hunting in such areas. Mosquitoes and other insects were troublesome pests to people of the marshes during summer months.</p><br>
<p>Subsistence patterns and adaptations varied greatly among Great Basin groups. People living in mountainous areas were surviving on plants for more than fifty percent of their diets whereas people around water or in the marshes were hunting fish and other wetland wildlife. Waterfowl have been attracted to Great Basin marshes for thousands of years. Ancient hunter-gatherer inhabitants of Lovelock Cave became expert bird hunters. They used their well-designed duck decoys to lure prey then shoot birds from blinds. As hunters became more experienced they would wear disguises made from reeds or duck skin and stalk birds then surprise and grab them by the legs. The people at Lovelock recognized the importance of water fowl and utilized birds extensively. Archaeological specimens from the site show that the inhabitants collected feathers from geese, ducks, pelicans, and herons. Hunter-gathers were intelligent and used the feathers from the birds to create decoys which allowed the capture of more birds. Decoys are still used by local native people today in hunting water fowl.</p><br>
<p>Hunters were also able to rely on a variety of fauna such as muskrat, rabbit, and rodents as foodstuff. Gathers were harvesting vegetables and grasses in the spring and fall to supplement their rich diet. The women of the group were likely the gatherers and also responsible for crafting important items to make life easier in the marsh. Fibers from dogbane and milkweed were used to fashion yarns and baskets. Baskets were used to store food, especially vegetation that was harvested in the spring and fall to be saved for winter months. Women would occasionally collect fish with smaller baskets.</p><br>
<p>The ideal conditions at Lovelock Cave preserved deposits of feathers from various birds and textiles from nets. Common fibrous items include: nets, baskets, sandals, traps, and decoys. Manos and metates, hand held grinding stones, were abundantly used by Indians. They helped process plant foods especially seeds, nuts, and other tough material. The materials recovered from Lovelock Cave helped to demonstrate that hunting and gathering was the primary means of survival for Native Americans of the Great Basin for thousands of years. The diversity of resources allowed the people in the area to thrive using traditional methods for a long period of time, and whose material culture remained the same for thousands of years.</p><br>
<p>The cave&#39;s last use is believed to be in the mid-1800s as indicated by a gun cache and a human coprolite. The material was tested through radiocarbon dating and dated to about 1850.</p><br>
<h2>Si-Te-Cah: The Legend of the Red-Haired Giants</h2><br>
<p>According to Paiute oral history, the Si-Te-Cah or Saii are a legendary tribe of red-haired cannibalistic giants. Mummified remains fitting the Paiute description were discovered by guano miners in Lovelock Cave in 1911. Adrienne Mayor writes about the Si-Te-Cah in her book, Legends of the First Americans. She suggests that the giant&#39; interpretation of the skeletons from Lovelock Cave and other dry caves in Nevada was started by entrepreneurs setting up tourist displays and that the skeletons themselves were of normal size. However, about 100 miles north of Lovelock there are plentiful fossils of mammoths and cave bears, and their large limb bones could easily be thought to be those of giants by an untrained observer. She also discusses the reddish hair, pointing out that hair pigment is not stable after death and that various factors such as temperature, soil, etc. can turn ancient very dark hair rusty red.</p><br>
<p>The Rapallo Viaduct is a buried railroad trestle in East Hampton, Connecticut which carries the Air Line Trail across Flat Brook.</p><br>
<p>The viaduct was built as part of the New Haven, Middletown and Willimantic Railroads line from New Haven to Willimantic, forming part of a more or less direct route between Boston and New York City. The directness of the route required the railroad to cross several deep ravines, including that of Flat Brook, southeast of East Hampton, via high-level bridges; this one would be named after Charles A. Rapallo, one of the railroads directors. When Edward W. Serrell, then the Chief Engineer of the railroad, set out to design the high iron bridge that would span the valley in about 1870, bridges constructed completely from wrought iron were still a very new technology. Despite Serrells experience and high reputation as a bridge builder, he was not able to work out precisely what shape the bridge members should take, and their design was subcontracted to the Phoenix Iron Works, which was to build the bridge. While the structure was originally intended to carry a double track, Serrells apprehensions about the strength of the bridge led him to reduce it to a single track before completion. and Serrell was apparently discharged as Chief Engineer by the time of the bridge&#39;s completion in 1873, when he wrote to the Connecticut railroad commissioners expressing his apprehension over the design and construction of the iron bridges on the line, including the Rapallo and Lyman Viaducts. The commissioners had the bridges inspected by James Laurie, an eminent civil engineer, who pronounced them fit for use.</p><br>
<p>Although the New Haven, Middletown and Willimantic was completed in 1873, the Panic of 1873 and the high expenses of construction bankrupted it and forced its reorganization as the Boston and New York Air-Line Railroad in 1875. After a few years of attempted competition, it was leased by the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad in 1879, which was the operator of the viaduct thereafter. By the early 20th Century, the iron viaducts capacity was inadequate for the New Havens heavier freight trains, and in 1911, the New Haven submitted to the state railroad commissioners a plan to encase Flat Brook in a culvert and fill in the viaduct. The plan was approved, and from 1912 to 1913, sand was dumped from the tracks over the viaduct trestles until it was completely buried. The fill was topped with a layer of cinders, hiding and preserving the viaduct.</p><br>
<p>Passenger service over the filled viaduct ended by 1937, and the rails were abandoned entirely in 1965. The viaduct was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986, when the abandoned railroad was opened as a rail trail.</p><br>
<p>The viaduct is still covered in fill, although its largely intact condition was verified in 1979 when a sewer line was buried in the fill. Part of the culvert collapsed in 2007, but was repaired and the fill restored that year. The fill covering it protected it where other iron bridges in the state have been demolished, so that the Rapallo and Lyman viaducts are the only surviving bridges in the state from the first generation of wrought iron bridge construction.</p><br>
<p>The William Tully House, also known as Hartsease or Heartsease, is a historic house at 135 North Cove Road in Old Saybrook, Connecticut. The house has also been associated with the name Heartsease. There is no documentation why this name came about, but it could be in relation to the flower Viola tricolor  once growing in the yard. It could also be related to its use as a summer house for working girls. The house is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, four bays wide, with a central chimney and centered doorway. It was built circa 1750. The exact construction date is not documented, but William Tully&#39;s father divided his land holdings in 1745. This event, and the 1779 American Revolutionary War incident described below, guided architectural historians to date the house at about 1750, assuming that William Tully built the house soon after receiving the land.</p><br>
<p>The house was the site of a small incident on August 8, 1779, in which Tories from Middletown sought release of some of their own goods to sell to the British, but two were killed and they retreated. The house was later owned by Dr. William Tully (the fourth with that name), described as one of Connecticut&#39;s leading scientific doctors of the first half of the 19th century. and</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Villa Bella Vista, also known as the Eila Pierre House and The Ledges, is a historic house at 7 Old Depot Road in Chester, Connecticut. It is a large two-story stone structure, set on a hill overlooking the Connecticut River. It has a three-story tower at the northwest corner, which  has a shallow pitch with deep overhangs. It was built in 1908, and was designed by the owner, Eila Pierre, who was inspired by the Italianate architecture of farmhouses in northern Italy. Although she was not a professional architect, she drew up the plans herself, adapting the form and materials to the settings of the hilltop site. The construction work was conducted by masons who also did work on the nearby Gillette Castle. and</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>Loch Mullardoch is a major reservoir in Glen Cannich in the Northwest Highlands of Scotland. It was created by the damming in 1951 of the River Cannich just upstream of Mullardoch House, as part of the Affric-Beauly hydro-electric power scheme. A car park at the southern end of the dam is the terminus of the public road up Glen Cannich. The reservoir extends for about 14 km westwards up the glen to the point where the Abhainn a Choilich and Abhainn Sithidh burns drop down from the West Benula deer forest.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the construction of the concrete dam, which is the largest in Scotland, the natural Loch Mullardoch stretched for some 7 km along the floor of the glen as far west as Benula Lodge and Benula Old Lodge, the sites of both of which now lay beneath the reservoir&#39;s waters. The diminutive Lochan na Cloiche and the larger Loch Lungard were drowned as the reservoir filled.</p><br>
<p>The William Barret House, located at 15 South 5th Street, Richmond, Virginia, is a mid-19th-century house, and has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1972 </p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>William Barret (29 November 1786 – 20 January 1871), a wealthy tobacconist in antebellum Richmond, built the Classical Revival styled house, in 1844, in Richmond’s up-and-coming Gamble’s Hill neighborhood. The house is situated on the southeast corner lot of 5th and Cary Streets. The residence and its dependencies survived the Richmond evacuation fire (April 2–3, 1865) at the end of the American Civil War, and remain largely intact, today.</p><br>
<p>Since it ceased use as a private residence, the Barret House has been used by a variety of organizations and for various purposes. The Navy League Club used it as a social club for sailors during the Second World War, and it later served as the offices for the Virginia Society of the American Institute of Architects Virginia Foundation for Architecture (now the Virginia Center for Architecture) and an antique book store &mdash; all which relocated in 2005 to Branch House on Monument Avenue.</p><br>
<p>Since 2009, Barret House has served as the corporate headquarters of Thompson Davis & Company, an asset management firm.</p><br>
<p>Atkins Park is an intown neighborhood of Atlanta, Georgia, nestled in the southeast corner of the neighborhood of Virginia-Highland, west of Briarcliff Avenue and north of Ponce de Leon Avenue . It consists of just three streets - St. Louis Place, St. Charles Place, and St. Augustine Place - as well as an internal sidewalk known as Malcolm&#39;s Way  that bisects them from St. Charles to St. Louis. It was originally designed to give quicker access to the streetcar stop at Ponce.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first use of the land after its formal platting was farmland. Between 1902 and 1905, Edwin Wiley Grove (a St. Louis businessman who later developed the famous Grove Park Inn and the Grove Arcade in Asheville, North Carolina) purchased the land. Grove owned a pharmaceutical company that provided the means for him to acquire real estate for the development of neighborhoods. Development of Atkins Park began in 1912 as a streetcar suburb of Atlanta, linked to downtown via the Nine-Mile Circle streetcar line. The original name was St. Louis Park; it was changed "to honor a family friend and mentor" Colonel John DeWitt Clinton Atkins, a representative of Tennessee in both the USA Congress and the Confederate Congress.</p><br>
<p>A 27 acre section of Atkins Park has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Government</h2><br>
<p>Atkins Park has its own community association. For purposes of formal civic participation in matters that go before the city&#39;s Neighborhood Planning Unit (NPU-F, in this case), Atkins Park is part of the Virginia-Highland neighborhood and its association (VHCA). APNA provides a member of its own choice to the VHCA Board.</p><br>
<h2>Park</h2><br>
<p>North Highland Park, a small 0.41-acre park purchased by the VHCA in 2008 and formally opened in 2012, is located on the site of a former public library at the northeast corner of St. Charles Place and North Highland Avenue.</p><br>
<p>Bosley Minn is one of two names – the other being Wincle Minn – given to a prominent hill in southeast Cheshire and in the southwestern corner of the Peak District National Park in northern England. The long axis of the Minn runs NNE–SSW and its broad summit, which reaches to 386 m at its highest point, slopes away to the valley of the Shell Brook in the east and towards Bosley Reservoir in the west. It is the western aspect of the hill, facing Bosley which is known as Bosley Minn whilst the eastern side which faces the village of Wincle is referred to as Wincle Minn.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The hill is formed in a succession of sandstones and mudstones which comprise the Millstone Grit Group of rocks. In particular it is the various beds of the Carboniferous Namurian age Minn Sandstone which have withstood erosion by ice and water and resulted in the present day shape of the Minn. A spectacular glacial meltwater channel runs along the western side of the hill, one of several on this western margin of the Peak District up against which Irish Sea ice was banked during the last ice age.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Although there is rough grazing on the slopes of the hill, no part of it falls within the definitions of open country as set out under the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 so there is no access land across which walkers may roam. Nevertheless, access is enjoyed along the north-south crest of the ridge by means of a minor public road which is followed by the Gritstone Trail recreational path. In addition a few steep public footpaths ascend its eastern and southern slopes from the Shell Brook and the vicinity of Bosley Reservoir respectively. It is via one of these paths that the Gritstone Trail connects with the Dane Valley to the south.</p><br>
<p>Orleigh Court is a late medieval manor house in the parish of Buckland Brewer about 4 miles  south-west of Bideford, North Devon, England. It is a two-storeyed building constructed from local slate stone and has a great hall with a hammer-beam roof, installed in the late 15th century.</p><br>
<p>The building was substantially altered in the early 18th century and remodelled after 1869. It was redeveloped for multiple occupancy in the 1980s and is now divided into about twelve apartments. It was the birthplace of the famous explorer and discoverer of the source of the River Nile, John Hanning Speke (1827–1864).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early</h3><br>
<p>The earliest parts of the building to survive were built by a member of the Denys family. The hall, which is 30 ft x 20 ft and has 5-foot-thick walls, has been dated by the form of decoration around the doorways to the early to mid-14th century. In 1416, a licence for a chapel at the house was granted by Bishop Stafford, and it has been speculated that the room over the porch was used for this.</p><br>
<p>During the late 15th century the hall was remodelled and it is clear that some of the work was based on that already done at nearby Weare Giffard Hall; identical carving on the porches of both buildings shows that the same mason was employed for at least part of the work. The main improvement, though, was the construction of a fine four-bay hammerbeam roof to the main hall, again clearly influenced by, though somewhat less ornate than the one at Weare Giffard. The hammer-beams are supported on carved stone corbels representing figures, one of which holds a shield displaying the arms of the Denys family (three battleaxes). Sitting on the ends of the hammer-beams were a series of ten carved sitting heraldic beasts, each around two feet tall.</p><br>
<p>A few alterations were made during the late 16th century, such as the addition of a staircase to the left of the porch, The last male member of the Denys family of Orleigh was Anthony Dennis (died 1641), to whom a mural monument survives in the Orleigh Chapel in St Mary&#39;s Church, Buckland Brewer. When he died in 1641 he left three daughters as co-heiresses and they conveyed the property to trustees in 1661. In 1684 the trustees sold it to John I Davie (died 1710), a prominent tobacco merchant from Bideford.</p><br>
<h3>Davie family</h3><br>
<p>John I Davie died in 1710 and is commemorated by a large mural monument in the Orleigh Chapel of St Marys Church, Buckland Brewer. his son and heir, Joseph Davie (died 1723), embarked on a series of improvements to the interior. These included, in the hall, the installation of an ornamental fireplace, and the addition of fire buckets decorated with the Davie arms and the date 1721 — they remained in place until the early 20th century. Other additions made at this time included a new inner hall accessed from newly created doors by the side of the fireplace, and rainwater heads on the east front of the building, which bear the Davie arms as well as those of Pryce, which refer to Joseph Davies wife, Juliana Pryce, who died aged 28 in 1720. Joseph himself died in 1723, but the building stayed in the Davie family until 1807, when it was in the ownership of Joseph Davie Bassett, who built Watermouth Castle and moved there. In that year Orleigh Court was either sold, or according to local tradition, lost in a game of cards, to Major Edward Lee.</p><br>
<h3>Lee, Speke and Rogers</h3><br>
<p>After Edward Lee&#39;s death in 1819, the house passed to his nephew, the politician John Lee Lee (1802-1874), who did not live there but let it to his sister and her husband, William Speke. Born at Orleigh in 1827 was their son John Hanning Speke, the celebrated explorer who discovered the source of the River Nile. In 1869 Orleigh was sold to Thomas Rogers, who employed the architect J. H. Hakewill to make extensive changes to the house, including the replacement of most of the windows, including a new oriel window in the porch, complete reworking of the north range and the addition of a wood-panelled dining room. Hakewill also built two Mock Tudor lodges in the grounds. Orleigh was inherited by his son William Henry Rogers (born 1868), who made a few alterations to it, such as replacing some of the dry-rot infested panelling in the hall with 16th-century decorated panels which he had discovered in a loft over the stables, and which he surmised had been removed from the original dining room.</p><br>
<p>William Henry Rogers was an antiquarian and he included a history of Orleigh Court in a booklet about Buckland Brewer, published in 1938. However, by 1939 he had sold the house, which was then converted into multiple occupation until after World War II when it was left empty and decaying. In 1952 it was made a listed building, but remained empty until 1982, when work began to convert it into apartments. As a result of this incident the listing status of the building was increased to Grade I. As of 2011, the building is divided into a number of apartments and is surrounded by eight acres of communal grounds.</p><br>
<p>Public School 17 is a historic school located at City Island in the Bronx, New York City. It was designed by noted architect C. B. J. Snyder  and built in 1897 in the Neo-Georgian style. A rear addition was built in 1930. It is a two-story, five-bay brick building on a high basement. It features a shallow wooden entrance porch with Doric order columns.</p><br>
<p>It served as a school until 1975. The City Island Nautical Museum opened in 1976, and when New York City sold the building to developer Haim Joseph for $500,000 in the 1980s to develop into condominium apartments, the museum and a community center received a 99-year rent-free lease, and reopened in 1995 after renovations.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>A fire allegedly set by vandals on July 13, 2007, damaged the building&#39;s façade.</p><br>
<h2>City Island Nautical Museum</h2><br>
<p>The City Island Nautical Museum is operated by the City Island Historical Society, which aims to preserve the island&#39;s nautical heritage. Exhibits include photos and artifacts about life on the island, its residents, the local yacht building companies, schools and local landmarks. The museum is open on weekend afternoons and admission is free.</p><br>
<p>Mount Ni is a hill about 30 km to the southeast of the city of Qufu in Shandong Province, China. The hill is culturally significant because it is traditionally regarded as the birthplace of Confucius. It is also the site of a historical temple dedicated to Kong He , the father of Confucius, a Confucian academy, and the Yusheng Memorial Temple.</p><br>
<p>According to the Han dynasty historian Sima Qian, Confucius parents to be, Kong He and Yan Zheng, went to pray at Mount Ni and Yan Zheng gave birth to Confucius afterwards.</p><br>
<p>The existence of the Temple of Kong He can be traced back to the times of the Northern Wei dynasty (386–535 CE). However, the temple was abandoned and restored repeatedly during the Later Tang, Later Zhou, Song, Jin, and Yuan dynasties. A major reconstruction was undertaken during the Ming dynasty (in 1417 during the reign of the Yongle Emperor). Further expansion of the temple followed during the Qing dynasty. As a result, most of the extant structures of the temple date from either the Ming or the Qing era. The current architectural complex contains three sets of buildings, the Kong He Temple, the Confucian Academy, and the Yusheng Memorial Temple.</p><br>
<p>The Kong He Temple consists of the following halls: the Dacheng Hall (literally "Hall of Great Achievement") dedicated to Confucius, a "Sleeping Palace" dedicated to his wife Qiguan, the Hall of Qi Shengwang and the Sleeping Palace of Qi Shengwang. The Yusheng Memorial Temple is dedicated to mountain spirit of Mount Ni. The Confucian academy contains a lecture hall as well as rooms that were used by the temple management staff. Other structures in the academy include the Erdai and Sandai Halls, the Liang Wu, the Lingxing Gate (灵星门), the Shen Bao, the Tudi Temple (dedicated to the local Earth Deity), and the Guan Chuan Pavilion. The entire complex on Mount Ni is walled in.</p><br>
<p>Outside the eastern enclosure wall lies the Confucius Cave. According to the legend, Confucius was abandoned in this cave after birth by his mother because of his ugliness. The baby was then taken care of by a tiger and an eagle, which convinced his mother to take him back.</p><br>
<p>The Working Girls Vacation Society Historic District is a 27 acre historic district in East Haddam, Connecticut that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994. It is significant by dint of the properties having been owned, during 1892-1945, by the Working Girls Vacation Society of New York City, and used as a summer retreat for working women from the city.</p><br>
<p>The society is similar to the Young Womens Christian Association, founded in 1866, in that it is one of many organizations intending to "minister to the temporal, moral and religious welfare of self-supporting women. Led by enlightened upper class philanthropist/reformers such as copper heiress Grace Dodge, a national network of "working girls clubs" formed in the 1880s. Their mission primarily was to protect the morality of working women, rather than to improve the conditions of the workplace (note 4); their means included the creation of opportunities for social intercourse, self-improvement (education), and recreation in a morally uplifting setting. The New York Working Girls&#39; Club, founded by Dodge in 1883 and the first of its kind in the nation, maintained, for example, a clubhouse with a library and extensive series of lectures, classes, and social events (note 5).</p><br>
<p>The employment-related health needs of working girls were not ignored. The Working Girls Vacation Society of New York, an offshoot of the Working Girls Club, was founded in 1883 to provide summer vacations in the country for women with demonstrated health problems. The founders of the society included prominent upper-class women and social workers (note 6). In a pattern repeated in other cities, the Vacation Society made available low-cost stays generally of two weeks in duration at rural locations (note 7)."</p><br>
<p>A total of 411 working girls were assisted by the society in the summer of 1884. By 1915 the society had created several retreats in Connecticut and served 1450.</p><br>
<p>The district includes three side-by-side properties on a rural road in East Haddam, Connecticut, with three houses and three barns.</p><br>
<p>When listed, the district included six contributing buildings and one non-contributing building. Three of the six are residences. The Phebe Howell House (c.1835), is constructed with pegged post-and-beam framing, and shows what may be its original clapboard siding. It and the Charles Howell House (c.1825) are constructed on granite ashlar foundations. The latter&#39;s doorway is flanked by fluted pilasters. A vernacular bungalow house (c.1915) is the other. and</p><br>
<p>The three other contributing buildings are 19th-century, wood-frame barns. The one at 66 Mill Road (photograph 5 in accompanying photos) "is similar in size and design to the ell on the Phebe Howell House, which tends to confirm oral history that this barn was formerly attached to the rear of the Charles Howell House."</p><br>
<p>DiNapoli, writing in 1892, describes the working girls&#39; plight.</p><br>
<p>The association renamed in 1950 to become the Katherine Herbert Fund, named after the 1885 founder of the society. In 1974 it merged with the Stony Wold Corporation, an organization that had focused upon tuberculosis, to become the Stony Wold-Herbert Fund.</p><br>
<p>The National Building is a historic warehouse building in downtown Seattle, Washington, located on the east side of Western Avenue between Spring and Madison Streets in what was historically Seattle&#39;s commission district. It is now home to the Seattle Weekly. It is a six-story plus basement brick building that covers the entire half-block. The dark red brick facade is simply decorated with piers capped with small Ionic capitals and a small cornice, which is a reproduction of the original cornice. Kingsley & Anderson of Seattle were the architects.</p><br>
<p>The National Building was constructed from late 1904 to mid 1905 by the Northern Pacific Railway as part of the roads multimillion-dollar plan to improve their many Seattle properties and capitalize on the citys booming commission trade. One of the buildings first tenants was the National Grocery Company which at first only occupied two of the buildings eight stores and would later occupy the entire building, becoming its namesake. It would occupy the building until 1930. The building was later home to many small manufacturing and distributing firms and has been an office building since the late 1960s.</p><br>
<p>The National Building individually was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 29, 1982 and became a city of Seattle landmark collectively with the Globe Building, Beebe Building and Hotel Cecil one year later as "First Avenue Groups/Waterfront Center".</p><br>
<h2>Appearance</h2><br>
<p>This architectural description of the National building was written for its National Register nomination in 1982: "The Western Avenue facade consists of eight bays encompassing storefronts at the ground story, and horizontal window bands in the upper five stories. The bays are defined by nine piers which are expressed externally as pilasters, and terminated at the sixth story by large ionic capitals. Wall planes within each bay are recessed behind the nine pilasters and enriched with molded back surrounds at the sides and top. Fenestration is characterized by a regular system of horizontal window groupings, each consisting of four pivoting windows with transoms. The window bands are separated vertically by wide, unadorned brick spandrels. Two of the bays include fire escapes.</p><br>
<p>The two side elevations incorporate four bays each, and are also defined by pilasters</p><br>
<p>with ionic capitals. Fenestration Includes pairs of square-shaped window openings within each bay at each of the upper five stories. Openings at the ground level of both elevators</p><br>
<p>include storefront windows, small windows and doorways.</p><br>
<p>The east, or Post Avenue, elevation is relatively undistinguished and includes a simple</p><br>
<p>series of horizontal window bands in the upper stories, and a loading dock with large</p><br>
<p>freight doors at the ground floor.</p><br>
<p>Several original elements, including a wide cornice and all but two projecting marquees,</p><br>
<p>are presently missing from the building (these were restored during the building&#39;s renovations in 1982)."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>National Grocery Company</h3><br>
<p>The National Grocery Company was formed in late 1902 by Portland, Oregon wholesale grocer Julius C. Lang in order to acquire and merge two Seattle wholesale grocery firms: Sylvester Brothers & Co. and Louch-Augustine Cos wholesale arm. The new company moved into the Sylvester Brothers former location at Occidental and Main Streets in the Union Trust Building. By 1904 they were one of the leading wholesale grocery companies in the Pacific Northwest with 15 traveling salesman on the payroll and their trade extending to Alaska and British Columbia.</p><br>
<h3>Building site</h3><br>
<p>In the 1890s, The Northern Pacific Railway had acquired large strips of narrow land between Seattles downtown and the railroad tracks, mostly reclaimed tideland. Their goal was to locate the railroads terminus here but strong local opposition made them reconsider, eventually leading to the construction of a tunnel and King Street Station. With their original plans scrapped, Northern Pacific rented the property to wholesalers and produce distributors which quickly became a success. Northern Pacific decided to capitalize on this and planned to replace the ramshackle tin buildings with permanent brick warehouses that could be rented to large wholesale firms.</p><br>
<p>In 1904, Northern Pacific subsidiary the Northwest Improvement Company hired the Seattle architectural firm of William Kingsley and Joseph Anderson to design two four story brick warehouses that would face each other on Western Avenue between Spring and Madison Streets in the heart of the citys produce district. Each building, costing about $200,000, would have ample lighting, ten freight elevators, and facilities for moving and storing heavy goods. In the end, only the National Building was built at height. One of the first companies to sign up for the building, which had not yet been built, was the National Grocery Company who had outgrown their small space in Pioneer Square. They leased the southern 40% of the building. As more tenants lined up to lease space in the buildings, Northern Pacific responded by adding two more floors to each buildings plans. Both buildings were completed by early 1905 and, realizing the potential, Northern Pacific would build many more warehouses on Western Avenue over the following years.</p><br>
<h3>Later years and restoration</h3><br>
<p>The National Grocery Company moved out of the National building in 1930 but the name of the building stuck. Small produce distributors remained in the building along with a rotating mix of small shops, distributors and offices up until the 1960s when many companies left downtown for newly developed industrial areas south of downtown and in Tukwila that gave better access to trucks and trains. During this time many warehouses along Western Avenue fell vacant and many more were demolished for parking lots. The National Building was the oldest remaining warehouse of the many that the Northern Pacific built.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1980s, the building was acquired by Cornerstone Development Corporation who proceeded to nominate it for the National Register of Historic Places (It was deemed ineligible in a 1979 survey) and began restoring the building for use as offices. When completed they sold the building for $2.16 million to San Francisco-based Seattle Waterfront Associates who as part of their Waterfront Center offices project. The building was added to the Register of April 29, 1982, the same day as the Globe Building, Beebe Building and Hotel Cecil which occupied the other half of the block. One year later the entire block became a City of Seattle landmark under the title "First Avenue Groups/Waterfront Center".</p><br>
<p>The John Brett Richeson House in Maysville, Kentucky was built in 1832 and purchased by John Richeson, an educator from Charlottesville, Virginia, for his wife Mildred Richeson and their eight children. The house was occupied by the Richeson family for more than 100 years until the death of Edward Richeson in 1941.</p><br>
<p>The Richeson family provided Maysville with some of the most accomplished and brilliant teachers ever known in Kentucky, and they helped to establish Maysville as a leading educational community during the period 1832-1880. Several of John Richeson&#39;s children were teachers, including sons William and John Richeson, and his daughter Ann Frances Richeson Peers. Several grandchildren were also teachers.</p><br>
<h2>Maysville Academy</h2><br>
<p>Upon his arrival in Maysville in 1832, John Brett Richeson, in partnership with professor Jacob Rand, founded and operated Maysville Academy for several decades. The Academy was the first successful secondary school in Maysville and specialized in preparing young men for university level studies. It attracted a number of students who later attained prominence including:</p><br>
<p>Ulysses Grant, Civil War General and two-term USA President</p><br>
<p>William "Bull" Nelson, Civil War General</p><br>
<p>Walter Newman Haldeman, Editor and founder of the Louisville Courier</p><br>
<p>John J. Crittenden, accomplished jurist and politician</p><br>
<p>Thomas H. Nelson, USA Minister to Mexico</p><br>
<p>Henry Stanton, Confederate soldier and Poet Laureate</p><br>
<p>Ormond Beatty, educator and President of Centre College</p><br>
<h2>Rosemary Clooney</h2><br>
<p>Singer and actress Rosemary Clooney was born in Maysville and lived in the Richeson House in the late 1940s. The city named a nearby street in her honor when her first movie, The Stars are Singing, premiered at the Russell Theatre.</p><br>
<p>The Great Fire of 1911 Historic District is located in downtown Bangor, Maine, and has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1984. It preserves Maines most significant collection of early 20th century public and commercial buildings, and commemorates an urban re-building campaign matched only by Portlands following its own destruction by fire in 1866. The Great Fire of 1911 was Maines  last large-scale urban conflagrations, but resulted in the creation of an early 20th-century urban space relatively unique in Maine or northern New England.</p><br>
<p>The district comprises 48 buildings (and three parks), most of them constructed between 1911 and 1915 in the burned area, which accounted for half of Bangor&#39;s commercial core. Stylistically, the rebuilding was mainly a showcase for the Renaissance Revival, but with elements of the Romanesque Revival, Chicago School, Prairie Style, Art Deco, Classical Revival, and Colonial Revival. The designs were contributed by a number of nationally-prominent architectural firms, including Peabody and Stearns; Carrere and Hastings; and Jardine, Kent, and Murdoch; as well as USA government architect Oscar Wenderoth, and local architects C. Parker Crowell, Wilfred E. Mansur, Victor Hodgins, and Frederick A. Patterson. Every building except one is of brick, though some are steel-framed, two are faced with terra-cotta, and two are completely sheathed in granite. The coloration and patterning of the brickwork is extremely varied.</p><br>
<p>Architecturally significant buildings within the Great Fire District include the:</p><br>
<p>Bangor Public Library, 1912, Peabody and Stearns</p><br>
<p>Bangor High School (now apartments), 1912, Peabody and Stearns</p><br>
<p>Morse Building (now University of Maine art gallery), 1914–1915, Victor Hodgins</p><br>
<p>First National Bank - Bangor Hydro Electric Building, 1915, Wilfred E. Mansur</p><br>
<p>Exchange Building, 1913, Peabody and Stearns</p><br>
<p>Bangor Savings Bank Building, 1912, Carrere and Hastings</p><br>
<p>Eastern Trust Building, 1912, C. Parker Crowell</p><br>
<p>Graham Building, 1911, Wilfred E. Mansur. One of the first and largest buildings constructed, commissioned by John R. Graham, President of the Bangor Hydro Electric Company, and a prime mover in the rebuilding.</p><br>
<p>Stearns Block, 1911, Wilfred E. Mansur</p><br>
<p>Stetson Block, 1911, Wilfred E. Mansur</p><br>
<p>Bangor Post Office (now City Hall), 1914–1915, Oscar Wenderoth</p><br>
<p>Three of the district&#39;s architecturally-significant buildings were constructed somewhat later, in the 1920s and 1930s, most prominently the Bangor Telephone Exchange (1931), designed in Art Deco style in 1931 by the Boston architectural firm of Densmore, LeClear, and Robbins, and the most prominent example of that style in Maine. A few other important buildings within the district actually pre-date the fire, including the Tarratine Club (1907) by Parker, Thomas, and Rice of Boston, and the Nichols Block (1892) by Wilfred Mansur of Bangor.</p><br>
<p>The district also includes three parks:</p><br>
<p>Norumbega Mall (laid out 1933, on site of the burned Norumbega Hall</p><br>
<p>Kenduskeag Mall (1912), Warren H. Manning, which includes a bronze statue of Hannibal Hamlin</p><br>
<p>Pierce Park (1912), which includes a bronze statue of river drivers</p><br>
<p>Calabozos is a Holocene caldera in central Chiles Maule Region . Part of the Chilean Andes volcanic segment, it is considered a member of the Southern Volcanic Zone , one of the three distinct volcanic belts of South America. This most active section of the Andes runs along central Chiles western edge, and includes more than 70 of Chiles stratovolcanoes and volcanic fields. Calabozos lies in an extremely remote area of poorly glaciated mountains.</p><br>
<p>Calabozos and the majority of the Andean volcanoes formed from the subduction of the oceanic Nazca Plate under the continental South American continental lithosphere. The caldera is in a transitional region between thick and thin lithosphere, and is probably supplied by a pool of andesitic and rhyolitic magma. It sits on a historic bed of volcanic and plutonic sedimentary rock (rock formed within the Earth) that in turn sits on top of a layer of merged sedimentary and metamorphic rock.</p><br>
<p>Calabozos is responsible for the huge Loma Seca Tuff, a body of material 200 km3 to 500 km3 in volume. It accumulated over at least three eruptive periods, beginning 800,000 years ago (0.8 mya) and lasting until 150,000 years ago (0.15 mya).</p><br>
<p>The caldera&#39;s dimensions are 26 km by 14 km, and it has an elevation of 3,508 m. Activity from the caldera has produced many other stratovolcanoes to form a complex volcano.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and structure</h2><br>
<p>Calabozos lies in central Chile&#39;s Maule Region, near Curicó and Talca, on the western Andes. This is an area of poorly glaciated mountains that is not permanently populated. There are no roads, and it is only accessible via horse or on foot.</p><br>
<p>Calabozos is part of the South Volcanic Zone, which runs along the western edge of central Chile and extends south, jumping the border to continue its course in Argentina. This range includes at least nine caldera complexes, more than 70 of Chiles stratovolcanoes and volcanic fields that have been active in the Quaternary, and hundreds of minor eruptive centers. The South Volcanic Zone is the most volcanically active region in Chile, and produces around one eruption per year. Its largest historical eruption was at Quizapu Crater, located 15 km to 20 km from the north side of Cerro Azuls summit,</p><br>
<p>Calabozos is a ring-shaped caldera 26 km by 14 km wide, It is made mainly of andesite and dacite, and has a volume of 20 km3 to 25 km3. On the southwestern edge several eruptions have created the Descabezado Chico volcano (elevation: 3,250 m) which consists of four overlapping volcanic craters. The last eruption occurred during Holocene time, and produced a dacitic lava flow (2.5 km3 in volume) that extends for 30 km. Cerro Colorado, with an elevation of 2,928 m, forms another cone in the complex.</p><br>
<p>Towards the center of the caldera, hot springs including Cajon Los Calabozos and Baños de Llolli Hildreth et al. (1983) evaluated that Calabozos could potentially be useful for the harvesting of geothermal energy.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Subduction of the eastern edge of the Nazca Plate under the western edge of the South American Plate occurs about 160 km west of Peru and Chile, at a rate of 9 to 11 cm per year at 30 degrees south latitude. This subduction process has resulted in the formation of the Peru–Chile Trench, an oceanic trench in the Pacific Ocean. It also produced the Andean Volcanic Belt and the rest of the Andes.</p><br>
<p>Calabozos is one of 44 Holocene epoch volcanoes located in central Chile and Argentina. It is included within the Southern Volcanic Zone, the most active section of the Chilean Andes. The date of its last known eruption is not known with precision, though it took place during the Holocene.</p><br>
<p>Through K-Ar dating, geologist Robert Edward Drake established the age of 66 events in central Chile, and divided them into groups based on the time of their origin. In a paper published in 1976, he described the location of each group and the west-east-trending movement of volcanism in the range.</p><br>
<p>To the west of the Chilean Andes are an early group of eruptions, dated from the Oligocene and the Early Miocene (33.3–20.2 mya). The scale of the eruptive events that produced these features remains unclear. Further east, in the actual range, are huge numbers of eruptions. Between 15.3 and 6.4 mya, widespread volcanism took place, followed by extensive folding; this process then repeated itself from 18.4 to 13.7 mya during the Miocene. Beginning 6.4 mya the Chilean Andes were quiet, though whether or not this quiet period took place throughout all of the Andes remains unknown. Central Chilean volcanoes became active once again around 2.5 mya, and have erupted almost continuously since.</p><br>
<h3>Local</h3><br>
<p>Calabozos lies in an area between thick and thin continental crust, and its eruptions are probably fed from a pool of andesitic and rhyolitic magma that sits just under its caldera. The caldera is underlain by a layer of volcaniclastic sedimentary rock from the Mesozoic era coalesced with intrusive and volcanic rocks of Tertiary age, over a layer of Precambrian-Triassic sedimentary and metamorphic rock formed from later plutons (magma intrusions). Under its northeast edge, Calabozos is cut by a north-south trending segment of sedimentary rock that includes gypsiferous and carbonates.</p><br>
<p>Calabozos is similar in age to Cerro Azul and Descabezado Grande, and its eruptions may correspond to past activity at both volcanoes. Eruption products of very similar composition (including mafic andesite, agglutinates, and dacite) make up the volcanoes. There is also a similarity in size (all are between 40 and 70 cubic kilometers in volume).</p><br>
<p>The volcano appears to be part of a north-south trending group of rhyolitic, silicic Quaternary volcanoes (including Puelche Volcanic Field, Laguna del Maule, and Volcán Domuyo) that veers off the north-northeast direction of the rest of the Andes. The directional formation of this belt corresponds to the fold-and-thrust movement of the nearby Malargüe fault, which formed in the Tertiary and remained active until the early Pliocene or late Miocene. This may suggest that Calabozos&#39; activity is more dependent on local processes than subduction of the Nazca Plate.</p><br>
<h3>Geologic record</h3><br>
<p>In comparison to the well-preserved rocks of the dry, central part of the Andes, the record that defines the southern sector is poorly preserved. Remnants of Miocene and Quaternary eruptions within the central part are clearly preserved in the rock record. Ash flow sheets constitute as much as 40 percent of the area&#39;s total erupted material, suggesting that pyroclastic eruptions were rather important during this time. By examining the eruption rate of individual volcanoes, Hildreth et al. concluded that similar amounts of ash-flow volcanism took place in the southern sector as well. Their study established that in particular silicic ash was missing from the record, and concluded that erosion had probably disrupted deposition of volcaniclastic rock.</p><br>
<p>While the volcanic history of the area extends back far further, the earliest fully recognizable events in the region are recorded in the pyroclastic Campanario Formation. This sequence appears to begin at Laguna de la Invernada and ranges from 15 to 6 mya. Remnants of magma intrusions as young as 7 mya can be found at the lake (Laguna de la Invernada).</p><br>
<p>The most recent volcanic phase began about 4 mya, producing largely andesitic eruptions. A series of eruptions built up a broad plateau of lava, and extended over the area where Calabozos now lies. Locally, this plateau was composed of mafic andesite with olivine, which over time gathered to form 300 m to 500 m thick layers. Nearby volcanoes sit on top of two mya lavas that formed during this period, while the Loma Seca Tuff lies atop andesitic deposits from Descabezado Grande.</p><br>
<h3>Composition</h3><br>
<p>Calabozos lies between two different types of volcanism—to its north, andesite and rhyolite are the primary constituents of lava while its southern neighbors are composed of more mafic andesite and basalt. It is mainly basaltic andesite and rhyodacite that make up Calabozos, forming a calcalkilic suite rich with potassium. Its lavas are dotted with phenocrysts, which vary from 2 to 25 percent of their mass. These phenocrysts are typically made of plagioclase, but also contain clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, ilmenite, apatite, and titanomagnetite.</p><br>
<h2>Climate and vegetation</h2><br>
<p>The area&#39;s rainfall averages 134 cm annually, varying from 50 cm at its lowest to 225 cm at its highest. Precipitation between May and August (primarily snow) is normally 20 to 35 centimetres, dropping to below one centimetre during summer. Temperature is also variable, typically registering 25 degrees Celsius during the summer, but dropping below freezing at high elevations (above 2,500 m).</p><br>
<p>Vegetation is rare in the area. The 1932 eruption of Cerro Azul&#39;s Quizapu Crater reduced much of the land to a pumice desert. Above 1,200 m, vegetation becomes even more sparse.</p><br>
<h2>Eruptive history</h2><br>
<p>During the late Pleistocene, Calabozos erupted tuff composed primarily of rhyodacite and dacite. Three distinct eruptions have taken place within the last million years. The sheets of remaining ash left over from all of the eruptions together range from 200 km3 to 500 km3 in volume and are known as the Loma Seca Tuff.</p><br>
<p>The first eruption, which took place 0.8 mya, was distinct from later eruptions in that its product lacks flattened lenticles (lens-shaped layers of mineral or rock embedded in rock). The tuff is dotted with predominantly plagioclase phenocrysts, which make up between less than 5 to approximately 15 percent of each particle&#39;s mass. After being erupted, the material settled in canyons, where it underwent glaciation. This carved cliffs which drop as much as 100 m. The tuff is limited to just a few kilometers around the complex.</p><br>
<p>Taking place 0.3 mya, the second eruption was the most extensive. It was probably between 250 km3 and 300 km3 in volume and extended past the reaches of the caldera, down the adjacent foothills. Beyond the caldera, the eruptive products are poor in phenocrysts (unlike those of the first eruption). They are instead rich in lithic material, which makes up as much as 10 percent of the rock in parts (50 percent at the base of the caldera). As the first of the ash was deposited, it accumulated in layers that formed quickly and resisted erosion, but only partially melded together. However, except for these basal layers and thin zones where the ash was devitrified (loses the properties of a glass and becomes brittle), the entire sheet is melded together. Inside Calabozos, the ash resisted welding and contains more phenocrysts. Instead, erosion ate away at it, in the form of acid leaching, and broke down much of its pumice content. Still, the rock layer here contains five to 30 percent phenocrysts, and has high levels of devitrification and lithic content.</p><br>
<p>The differences between these two deposits can be accounted for by a few factors, including time of eruption and placement. The material inside the caldera must be younger and erupted from a pool of magma that had larger crystals. Its extensive erosion can be explained by the presence of hydrothermal vents, and its high levels of lithics probably originate from either being exposed to the rocks after they were erupted, lying adjacent to them while they underwent subsidence, or is a result of long, slow formation. Any of these reasons would also effectively account for the poor mixing of the lavas.</p><br>
<p>Activity continued for approximately 150,000 years in the form of quiet andesitic eruptions, as glaciation took place. About 0.15 mya (150,000 years ago), a third and final ash flow was erupted. With a volume of 175 km3 to 250 km3, it was smaller than the second eruption, but acted similarly, and had much more densely welded tuff. The ash was thickest at 300 m, at Loma Seca, and the top of the deposit has undergone erosion. It is densely welded in crevasses, but not at thin 50 m layers, where much of the material is barely welded or not welded at all.</p><br>
<p>The first layers of the last deposit were alternating belts of light and dark-colored material, and were densely welded. They appear to have been erupted in pulses, and continue for hundreds of meters. Deposition was continuous except for one interruption, which can be seen at proximity to the caldera, where the layers are replaced by thin, nonwelded sheets of lava. Another zone of nonwelded material, about 20 m and near Cajon Los Calabozos, underwent no erosion, suggesting that activity stopped, then began again.</p><br>
<p>High in fiamme, the third tuff layer differs from the second in that it has even higher phenocryst content, but poor lithics. In the fiamme, phenocrysts constitute between 5 and 15 percent of the rock, increasing to 25 to 30 percent near the caldera. In the younger emplacements, clinopyroxene is evident along with an increase in mafic content.</p><br>
<h2>Threats and preparedness</h2><br>
<p>Calabozos is in the South Volcanic Zone, which contains potentially deadly and active volcanoes such as Mount Hudson, Llaima, and Villarrica. Villarrica and Llaima together have more than 80 reported episodes of volcanism since 1558, and at least 40 South Volcanic Zone volcanoes have had Holocene-age eruptions.</p><br>
<p>Its remoteness means that Calabozos poses little threat to humans, but if necessary relief efforts could be orchestrated. The Volcanic Disaster Assistance Program (VDAP) formed in response to the famous eruption of Nevado del Ruiz in Colombia and saved lives following the 1991 eruption of Mount Hudson in Chile by organizing evacuations. The team&#39;s stated aim is to "reduce eruption-caused fatalities and economic losses in developing countries". Made up of various USGS offices such as the Cascades Volcano Observatory (CVO), responsible for monitoring Mount St. Helens, the team has equipment to monitor any volcano, allowing the timely prediction of volcanic eruptions and the evacuation of nearby homes.</p><br>
<p>The Old Customshouse is a historic government building at 516 North King Street in Wilmington, Delaware. It was built in 1855 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Originally, Delaware&#39;s custom house existed in New Castle, but it was moved to a small rented building on Water Street in Wilmington around 1800. In 1837, the First Board of Trade came into existence to promote trade through the port of Wilmington. As one of their first actions, the organization sent a petition to Congress asking for a permanent custom house.</p><br>
<p>Representative George R. Riddle secured appropriations for what was intended to be a dedicated customs house in 1852 which was completed in 1855. Despite the intent for a single-use facility, the Federal Court and the Post Office also shared the building until 1897.</p><br>
<p>During the Korean and Vietnam war periods, the Old Customshouse served as the Delaware initial reporting and induction site for drafted soldiers. The Wilmington Parking Authority built the Customs House Garage, a 1,335 car facility adjacent to the building.</p><br>
<p>Wilmington University purchased the building from the federal government in 1983 and used it for both business meetings and downtown classes. In 2008, Wilmington University sold the building to a group of investors who then created Old Customs House LLC.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Ammi B. Young designed the Greek revival building. The two-story structure consist of a cut stone base with stucco exterior walls and four smokestacks. It used to have a portico with a triangular pediment but that was removed in 1929. The hip roof is made of iron using innovative foundry technology for the period.</p><br>
<p>Casa Amadeo, antigua Casa Hernández is the oldest, continuously-occupied Latin music store in New York City, and the Bronx, having opened in 1941.</p><br>
<p>Casa Amadeo is located in a historic apartment building located in the Longwood section of The Bronx, New York. Designed by James F. Meehan, the apartment building was built in 1905 and named The Manhaset. The building is a six story, Neo-Renaissance style building with commercial storefronts on the first floor. The lower two stories are faced with rusticated stone and the upper floors in red brick. It features a projecting entrance porch flanked by Corinthian order columns.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first Puerto Rican owned music store in New York City, Almacenes Hernández was founded by Victoria Hernández and her brother Rafael Hernández at 1724 Madison Avenue in 1927. Almacenes Hernández was sold to record producer Luis Cuevas in 1939.</p><br>
<p>The second music store founded by the siblings, Casa Hernández, was founded in 1941. It was sold in 1969 to musician and composer Miguel Angel "Mike" Amadeo, who renamed it Casa Amadeo, antigua Casa Hernández. Mike Amadeo still owns and operates the music store.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>Miguel Angel Amadeo</h2><br>
<p>Miguel Angel Amadeo, better known as "Mike" Amadeo, is a Puerto Rican musician and owner of the Casa Amadeo music store in the Bronx. Amadeo, born in Bayamon, Puerto Rico is the son of composer Alberto "Titi" Amadeo, and uncle to Grammy Award-nominated musician Tito Nieves. Mike Amadeo is a prolific composer, with nearly 300 songs to his credit, performed by artists such as Celia Cruz, Danny Rivera, and Cheito Gonzalez. Amadeo&#39;s best known song is Que Me Lo Den en Vida (Give it to Me in Life), performed by El Gran Combo de Puerto Rico.</p><br>
<p>For his contributions to Puerto Rican music and the Bronx, Mike Amadeo has been honored by the National Puerto Rican Day Parade in 2008, a Hostos Center for the Arts & Culture concert in 2005, and by the Bronx Council on the Arts in 2010. In 2014, the corner of Logwood Avenue and Prospect Avenue was renamed Miguel Angel "Mike" Amadeo Way.</p><br>
<p>United Workers Cooperatives, also known as Allerton Coops, is a historic apartment building complex located in the New York City borough of the Bronx, in New York, United States. The complex includes three contributing buildings and five contributing structures. The Tudor Revival style buildings were built during two construction campaigns, 1926-1927 and 1927-1929 by the United Workers&#39; Association. The buildings feature half timbered gables, horizontal half-timbered bands topped with sloping slate roofs, corbelled and crenellated towers, and picturesque chimneys.</p><br>
<p>The complex was built by the United Workers&#39; Association, most of whose members were secular Jews with Communist political leanings who were engaged in the needle trades. The association sought to improve the living standards of its members, many of whom lived in squalid conditions in the tenements of the Lower East Side. It bought a plot of land in an undeveloped section of the Bronx, near the open space of Bronx Park, and envisioned a community of socially and politically engaged residents who would each have an equal say in the running of the complex, regardless of the size of their apartments or the prices that they paid for them. The complex had classrooms, a library, and other amenities and activities that were uncommon in other cooperative complexes that were built for profit. Though considered a social success, the complex failed financially in the Great Depression and was converted to rental housing in 1943. After decades of neglect by a succession of landlords, the complex was purchased and renovated by a new owner in the mid-1980s.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>Keeper&#39;s House at Williamsbridge Reservoir is a historic home located in the Borough of the Bronx in New York City. It was built in 1889 as part of the Williamsbridge Reservoir complex. It is a -story, L-shaped stone house. The stones used to build the house were pieces of granite taken from the excavation of the reservoir it was to serve. It is 5,000 ft&sup2; in size and has a slate-covered gable roof with a clay tile roof ridge and copper gutters.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999. At that time, it was acquired by the Mosholu Preservation Corporation, a non-profit enterprise founded by the Montefiore Medical Center in 1981, intended as a powerful antidote to widespread housing deterioration and abandonment in its surrounding neighborhhood in the Norwood section of the Bronx. The corporation did a major renovation of the building and restored it to the point where it could provide modern conveniences. The house now serves as the corporation&#39;s headquarters. It is also the headquarters for the Norwood News.</p><br>
<p>Fonthill Castle and the Administration Building of the College of Mount St. Vincent are two historic buildings located at the College of Mount Saint Vincent in The Bronx, New York, New York.</p><br>
<h2>Fonthill Castle</h2><br>
<p>Fonthill Castle was built in 1852 as the country estate of Shakespearean actor Edwin Forrest and his wife, the actress Catherine Norton Sinclair. According to Lawrence Barrett, the plans were formed by Mrs. Forrest and approved by her husband. Steven E. Smith noted that in laying the cornerstone, Forrest set into it a few coins and a volume of Shakespeare. The castle was located on the slopes above the Hudson River as the Hudson River Railroad planned to lay its tracks along the river. The name Fonthill was derived from William Beckford&#39;s Gothic Fonthill Abbey in England.</p><br>
<p>Forrest later sold the property to the Sisters of Charity of New York who relocated the Academy of Mount Saint Vincent from McGowans Pass when the City of New York was developing Central Park. The castle has served as a convent, chapel, museum, chaplains residence, and the college library. It later came to house the admissions office of the College of Mount Saint Vincent.</p><br>
<p>Fonthill is a Gothic Revival style building consisting of a cluster of six octagonal towers at varying heights, built of hammered grey stone. Five of the towers radiate from a three-story central tower. A sketch of Fonthill’s octagons among the papers of Alexander Jackson Davis suggests that he had some part in its design, although it has also been attributed to Thomas C. Smith. In 1942, the castle became the Elizabeth Seton Library and, in 1969, the college admissions office.</p><br>
<h2>Administration Building</h2><br>
<p>The Administration Building was built between 1857 and 1859 in the Early Romanesque revival style. The initial structure of the administration building was designed built by Henry Engelbert, an architect active in NYC from 1852-1879. The building was expanded in 1865, 1883, 1906-1908, and in 1951. The original building is a five-story red brick building on a fieldstone base. It features a six-story square tower topped by a copper lantern and spire. The tower is flanked by five story gabled sections. At the base of the tower, a double stairway rises from a porte cochere to the level of the veranda, leading to the entrance.</p><br>
<p>In 1910 the Academy of Mount St. Vincent became the College of Mount Saint Vincent. The original academy building now serves as the Administration building of the College, and the additions house related administrative and academic functions. The 1951 wing was added to the northern end of the complex and serves as the Convent of Mount St. Vincent.</p><br>
<p>They were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Pogue House was built in 1845 on a fifteen-acre lot for industrialist, Michael Ryan. The property was named "Riverside" by Ryan since it sits on a hillside with a sweeping 10 mi vista of the Ohio River. The property was subdivided in 1955 and the historic portion currently comprises three acres. The Greek Revival floor plan includes three stories of living space two rooms wide and two rooms deep with a center hall plus a partial basement. The brick structure with an ashlar limestone foundation was one of the largest Kentucky residences in 1845 with 4,850 ft&sup2; of living space.</p><br>
<p>The residence was purchased by Henry E. Pogue II and significantly upgraded circa 1890. Improvements included the installation of three sets of pocket doors and quarter sawn flooring on the first level. One of the first bathrooms in Mason County was installed on the second floor. The porch was replaced by a 42 ft. x 18 ft. roofed stone and tile terrace. The terrace deteriorated over time and was eventually demolished.</p><br>
<p>Henry Pogue was a distiller who opened the H. E. Pogue Distillery in 1876 near the residence his son would later purchase. The distillery was a large scale operation which could produce up to 2,000 gallons of whiskey per day and carried a normal inventory of 15,000 barrels of aging whiskey. At its peak, distillery employment was more than 100. Popular brands around the start of the 20th century included "Old Time" Sour Mash Pure Whiskey and "Belle of Maysville" Fire Copper Whiskey. Henry E. Pogue II ran the distillery until his death in 1918 in a distillery accident.</p><br>
<p>Lake Mégantic  is a body of water in Québec, located in the Appalachian Mountains near the USA border. It is a source of the Chaudière River which drains into the St Lawrence River at Québec City. The name Mégantic means where the fish gather in the Abénaquis language. The lake has a surface area of 26.4 km&sup2; with several villages and small towns on its shores, including Lac-Mégantic, Frontenac, Marston, and Piopolis. It is part of Le Granit Regional County Municipality, a rural region where forestry and granite extraction are important activities.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>Two origins for the name "Mégantic" have been proposed. The first is that the lake name originates from an unspecified native language, "mékwawatíhk" meaning "Mohawk Road". The other is that the name was given by the early Scottish settlers, originally rendered something like "MooseTookmegunTic Lake", English mimicry of the Native American grammar of place names: "moose-look-me-gun-kick". The story being that "the moose only looked at me and my gun kicked -- the Indians meant he never got the moose".</p><br>
<h2>Physical geography</h2><br>
<p>The water surface is 395 m above mean sea level and the lake has an average depth of 75 m; its total surface area is 26.4 km&sup2, with a total shoreline of 45.4 km. Its length is about 16 km and it has an average width of 3.5 km.</p><br>
<h2>European settlement</h2><br>
<p>Settlement under the French régime was sparse. It was not until the 19th century that significant numbers of settlers arrived, including many Scots who had been forced to leave their ancestral home in the Highlands.</p><br>
<p>The Puuōpae Bridge  is a one-lane, single-span, concrete-encased steel bridge across Kalama Stream located along Puuōpae Road between Kalama and Kīpapa Roads in the Wailua Homesteads area near Kapaa in Kauai, Hawaii, United States. Originally built in 1915, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>The design of the bridge is of little significance. Its endposts appear to have come from materials dismantled from the old Wailua River Bridge in 1919, and its original trusses were removed during repair work in 1958. It is currently in poor condition and may have to be replaced, rather than restored, according to Kauai County Engineer Donald Fujimoto. It is listed on the Hawaii Department of Transportation&#39;s current statewide transportation improvement schedule.</p><br>
<p>Much more significant is its role in the socioeconomic history of the island. It was built to facilitate access to the Kapaa uplands, which had been opened to homesteaders two years earlier. When Hawaii became a United States Territory in 1900, most of its land was held in very few hands, primarily those of large-scale sugar planters and the government itself. Despite being dominated by the sugar industry, the territorial government sought to encourage the growth of family farms by opening up large tracts of its own land to homesteaders. The best coastal plains were already devoted to sugarcane plantations, so homestead lands on Kauai were located in the uplands of Kapaa on the east side of the island and Kalāheo on the southeast side.</p><br>
<p>The Puuōpae Bridge was designed to serve tracts of land along Olohena and Waipouli Roads known as Kapaa Homesteads 2nd Series, which included 81 lots ranging from roughly 20 to 40 acres, on which 90 homesteaders harvested 31,500 tons of sugarcane by 1917, despite poor roads, limited water, and dependence on the large plantations for milling and marketing their sugar. Although most of the homestead plots have subsequently been rezoned as residential, the nearly 400 acres surrounding this bridge remain the only significant expanse of agricultural land in the region.</p><br>
<p>The Mount Carbine Tableland is a plateau in Far North Queensland, Australia. Part of the Great Dividing Range, it lies in the Shire of Mareeba 15 km west of Mossman, and 1,460 km north-west of Brisbane, reaching an altitude of 1,383 m above sea level. It is largely covered with tropical rainforest and receives an annual rainfall total of 2,000 mm.</p><br>
<p>The tablelands are part of the Wet Tropics of Queensland World Heritage area.</p><br>
<p>Mountains associated with the tableland include Mount Spurgeon (1,317 m), Roots Mount (1,313 m), Devils Thumb (1,258 m) and Black Mountain (1,311 m). The plateau&#39;s highest point is unnamed, and is the fourth tallest mountain in Queensland.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The Waterfall frog was feared to be extinct until it was rediscovered at a creek on the Mount Carbine Tableland in July 2008. The Northern barred frog is a recently described species which is only found on the Mount Carbine and Mount Windsor tablelands.</p><br>
<p>The rich basaltic soils in the area supports forests which provide habitat for the Lumholtz&#39;s tree-kangaroo.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. Samuel Catlin House is a former residence located at 213 East Chicago Boulevard  in downtown Tecumseh in Lenawee County, Michigan. It was listed as a Michigan State Historic Site and added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 13, 1986. It is located across the street from Saint Elizabeth&#39;s Church and down the street from  the Tecumseh Downtown Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>It was built in 1866–1867 by renowned architect Salmon Crane, who built many of the original structures in the Tecumseh area. The house is a simple, red-brick cube structure built in Italianate architecture. After it was finished, it served as the residence to Dr. Samuel Catlin and his wife Rebecca, who first moved to the area in 1856. They lived in the house until 1881, when they sold it to George and Adeline Tiffany, who lived there for the next 30 years. Today, the structure serves as a Farm Bureau insurance office.</p><br>
<p>The Emmanuel DeHodiamont House is a house located at 951 Maple Place in the West End neighborhood of St. Louis, Missouri. The house was originally constructed about 1830 by local farmer Emmanuel DeHodiamont and was modified into the Gothic Revival style about 1875. It shares the status of being the oldest extant residence in the city of St. Louis with the Lewis Bissell House, and it is the oldest privately owned building in St. Louis. It was listed as a St. Louis Landmark in 1966 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 4, 2002.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Emmanuel DeHodiamont and his wife Caroline purchased a 180 acre tract of land including parts of the River Des Peres in 1829 from Hypoline and Josephine Papin. No permits exist to date the original construction, but it is considered likely DeHodiamont built the structure soon after the purchase. Shortly after moving into the house, DeHodiamont&#39;s wife died, and he remarried in 1833. However, his new wife abandoned him in 1836, and he divorced her. He continued to farm the land until 1871, when he sold the house and remaining nearby property to land speculators. These speculators anticipated the construction of a railroad from St. Louis, which occurred in 1875. By that time, the house and its 57 acres were platted into a parcel called Maryville. It was likely at this time that the current Gothic Revival architecture was added. Construction of homes in the new subdivision was relatively slow until the 1890s, when most of the land was sold and developed. Houses that surround the DeHodiamont House date from this period and to the 1960s, when many of the circa 1890s houses were demolished and redeveloped.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The portion of the house dating to 1830 is a -story stone house, measuring 20 by 40 feet. The stone walls are nearly two feet thick, and the house retains its two original chimneys at the south and north ends of the house. The second story of the house is wood framed, and the center of the house has a high-pitched gable, both dating to the 1875 addition. The door placement and window placement on the first floor are original to the 1830 plans of the house. In 1890 and 1906, brick kitchen additions were made to the rear of the house. The first floor interior of the house has two nearly identical rooms, divided by a central corridor with a staircase. The north room opens into the kitchen at the rear. The second floor has two bedrooms, both nearly identical. In the back yard of the house stands a brick garage built in 1904, which is a contributing resource to the house listing.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The house has the dual significance of being an "exceptionally early stone house" and a "rare example of the early Gothic Revival style in St. Louis." Although a great number of stone houses were built in the St. Louis area prior to the 1850s, most of these were demolished as the commercial district of the original city expanded. Not only is the DeHodiamont House an early stone house, but it also is one of the earliest known houses to still exist in the St. Louis. It is also listed as a St. Louis City Landmark.</p><br>
<p>Ticha Reservoir  is a reservoir in Varbitsa Municipality, Shumen Province, northeastern Bulgaria, located to the north and northeast of the town of Varbitsa. It is one of the largest lakes of Bulgaria. The Ticha Dam is located in the northeastern part of the reservoir, in the southeastern part of Kotel Mountain.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir lies along the Golyama Kamchia River, one of the two rivers that merge to form the Kamchia. Before entering the reservoir, the river gathers waters from the hilly Gerlovo region. The name of the reservoir is derived from the medieval name of the Kamchia: the Ticha.</p><br>
<p>According to some measurements, it is the third-largest reservoir in Bulgaria. By design, the Ticha Reservoir is used mainly for irrigation; the total area which the reservoir can irrigate is 32,918 hectare. The Ticha Reservoir&#39;s total volume amounts to 311,800,000 m&sup3;. The construction of the reservoir meant that two villages, Vinitsa and Staroselka, were depopulated and flooded; their commons now lie within the reservoir.</p><br>
<p>The dam overflowed in July 2005 and July 2010, threatening the surrounding villages and land. Due to this, the water level of the reservoir is closely monitored and dykes have been built.</p><br>
<p>In February 2010, the tap water in Shumen, which comes from the Ticha Reservoir, was declared unsuitable for drinking as a result of the presence of E. coli strains.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Avenue Water Tower is a water tower located at the intersection of Grand Avenue and 20th street in the College Hill neighborhood of St. Louis, Missouri. It is the oldest extant water tower in St. Louis, pre-dating both the Bissell Street Water Tower and the Compton Hill Water Tower.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The tower was built in 1871 by architect George I. Barnett in the form of a Corinthian order column with brick, stone and cast iron trim. Inclusive of its base, shaft and capital, it stands 154 ft tall. Inside was a standpipe, five feet in diameter, to hold water. In addition to being used for firefighting, the pressure in the pipe regulated water pressure in the area. In 1912, the water tower was decommissioned, and its standpipe and internal spiral staircase were removed. The staircase was replaced by a vertical ladder, and the tower was modified to include an aircraft warning light.</p><br>
<p>The tower is the tallest free-standing Corinthian column in the world. At 46.94 m it is much taller than the free-standing Corinthian columns Pompey&#39;s Pillar in Alexandria (20.46 m) or the Column of the Goths in Istanbul (18.5 m), or those in colonnades at the Temple of Jupiter at Baalbek which are 19.82 m tall, the Temple of Mars Ultor in Rome at 17.74 m, and the Olympieion in Athens at 16.83 m.</p><br>
<p>Baker Lake is a lake in northern Washington state in the United States. The lake is situated in the Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest and Baker River valley southwest of North Cascades National Park and is fed by the Baker River along with numerous smaller tributaries. The lake is approximately 10 mi north of the town of Concrete, Washington.</p><br>
<p>The lake covers an area of 4,800 acre and holds up to 285,000 acre.ft of water. Water levels fluctuate an average of 39 ft annually. Formerly a smaller natural body of water, it was enlarged and raised 312 ft in 1959 in conjunction with the construction of the Upper Baker Dam, a concrete gravity hydroelectric dam capable of generating 91 megawatts.</p><br>
<p>Baker Lake is a popular recreational area for fishing, camping, and boating and attracts local residents from adjacent Whatcom and Skagit counties. The Baker Lake area is also home to Swift Creek Campground which features 55 private campsites for tents or RVs, 2 group site as well as a boat ramp and marina. The campground can be found about halfway up on Mt. Baker Lake across from Park Creek. Formerly known as Baker Lake Resort and Tarr&#39;s Resort before that. It lies entirely within Mount Baker National Recreation Area.</p><br>
<p>Flushing Town Hall is a historic Town Hall located on Northern Boulevard at Linden Place in the Flushing section of the New York City borough of Queens. Formerly, it served as the seat of government of the village of Flushing, established as Vlissingen in 1645, until the consolidation with New York City in 1898. It was built in 1862 and is a 2-story, three-by-six-bay, brick building with basement and attic. A style of architecture that originated in Germany, Rundbogenstil , was used here and in a number of American buildings of the Civil War Era. The earliest photographs show the building to have been painted a light color. The use of paint was discontinued following adhesion problems during a restoration. A small rear wing was added in 1938 containing a block of jail cells. The front facade features a triple arched portico topped by a classic entablature with low balustrade. The building houses the Flushing Council on Culture and the Arts .</p><br>
<p>It was listed as a New York City Landmark in 1968 and on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>Samrong Sen  on the east bank of the Stueng Chinit River is a prehistoric archaeological site in the Kampong Chhnang Province, Cambodia. Consisting of a very large fluviatile shell midden, it flourished in particular from 1500 BC to 500 BC.</p><br>
<p>Excavations at Samrong Sen, which started in the 1880s, have been described as the earliest prehistoric archaeological studies which gave credence to the concept of Southeast Asian Bronze Age. Excavations conducted to depths of 6 m stratifications have revealed that Samrong Sen provides a link to the professional skills and burial practices of the Bronze Age communities who lived in the Banchiang area on the banks of the Chinit River. As Samrong Sen was almost the only known prehistoric settlement in Cambodia for many years, it was visited by many archaeologists and its artefacts were studied by scientists in several countries. It has been characterized as a highly developed Stone Age culture in Indo-China.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Though various spellings have been presented, "Samrong Sen" is considered to be correct. The site was first discovered and reported in 1876 by M. Rouques, Director of the Fluvial Transportation Company. Archaeological history of the village in general and the research finding of the archaeological site in particular have been reported by archaeologists Corre in 1879, Fuchs in 1882 and 1883, Mansuy in 1902, Mourer in 1994, Vanna in 1999, and many Cambodian archaeologists and researchers.</p><br>
<p>Initial finds at Samrong Sen were by villagers&#39; excavations while extracting for hydrated lime from shell excavations at this site; these initial finds were handed over by the villagers to the missionaries. After the first excavations of 1876 in the flood plains of Tonlé Sap, additional excavations were carried out by archaeologists at different locations within this site. Many of the large size collections made from the site during several excavations could have been from casual surface excavations and hence no specific methodology could be explained.</p><br>
<p>The earliest artefacts were found by Lieutenant Jean Moura in 1876; he was the Representative of the French protectorate of Cambodia in 1864. The stray archaeological finds were transported to France where they were analysed and interpreted.</p><br>
<p>Systematic excavations with stratigraphic control started in 1902, and again in 1923 by Mansuy. Three layers were identified, which revealed shell lenses up to 4.5 m depth. Arm bands and beads found here have similarity with those found in the Mekong sites. Pottery found here was not of any decorative type. Graves, however, gave many finds of fully formed bronze vessels. Several observations were made on the claims of archaeologists during the early stages of the excavations such as they were overzealous and that they over stated when presenting their findings.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the World War II, the site was again excavated by Janse. He collected many artefacts, which were examined in 1986 by Robert E. Murowchick of Boston University. During these excavations, a crucible (with remnants of scoria) was also found along with bracelets, socketed spearheads, axes and a bell. Chemical analysis of five antiquaries indicated 11.74 to 26.47% of lead which verifies that the technological techniques of casting and annealing were known during the period. However, the bronze items have been dated to late 200 BC.</p><br>
<p>Finds of Mansuy were further examined by French archaeologists in 1998 for human skeletons. This study identified three fully preserved skulls. In addition, 20 mandibles and several post-cranial ones found here established that these belonged to at least 20 people. Also found was a bronze mould and various arrowheads, axeheads, chisels and fish hooks etc.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Samrong Sen is located in central Cambodia on the east bank of the Stueng Chinit River, in the flood plains of the Tonlé Sap River, near the ancient capital of Oudong. The site is approachable from the Kampong Chhnang, which is 22 km away. The village below which the prehistoric archaeological finds are found, is a rugged mound of elliptical shape with a length of 600 m laid in a north-south direction. It was about 5 m to 6 m above the Chinit River during low flow season. While parts of the site were exploited in the 1930s, the surviving portion as of the 1960s, is situated on the right bank of the Strung-Kinit, a rivulet within the waterway that flows from the Kompong-Leng mountains into the Tonlé Sap. The site is approached along the waterway by inland transport from Kampong Chhnang port across the Tonlé Sap Lake via the Steung Chinit River. The road approach is, however, seasonal only on a non-monsoon road.</p><br>
<p>The Samrong Sen village, where the archaeological site is situated, is in the Kampong Leaeng District in the lacustrine flood plains, an area which is subject to backwater flooding from the Tonlé Sap lake and the Mekong River flows during the months of June to September (rainy season). The area gets exposed during the dry season from October to May when bush vegetation and water plants grow here and fishing is common vocation. The villagers subsist on hydrated lime extraction from the shells and fishing, activities that were recorded by the earliest researchers of the site and which had continued till the 1930s. As of 1999, 1237 people lived here in 235 stilt houses. A school and a Buddhist Pagoda were also reported in the village.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>Excavations uncovered bones of faunal species (cattle, pig, dog) and aqua species (crocodile, water turtle and shell fish). Shell fish bones extracted from depths of 1 - were subject to carbon dating which has fixed the age of the site around 1650±120 BC.</p><br>
<h2>Findings</h2><br>
<p>Morphological characteristics of the tools have been the basis for the categorization of the Samrong Sen stone tools. The adzes, axes, shouldered adzes, shouldered axes, gouges, chisels, a burnisher, a tool used as a hammer are the eight identified categories. The most common tools found were adzes, followed by chisels and gouges. Axes and shouldered axes were very few. In the early excavation stages, flakes, debris, pre-forms and unfinished tools were not part of the collections. Further, though tool-manufacturing techniques could not be correctly discerned, it has been inferred after careful study of the tools that picking or flaking was the initial step followed by partial, edge, and full grinding. It has also been conjectured that sawing techniques were used.</p><br>
<p>The adzes have quadrangular sections similar to those found in Indo-China, Southern Thailand, Myanmar, and even India, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. The stone gouges are linked to similar ones found in Marianas. Other antiquaries included ceramics, stone tools (adzes), a decorated bronze bell (19.7 cm in height), bone spear, harpoon shafts and human remains. Polished stone tools were used for wood working activities and pottery vessels and were produced by professionals. It has been inferred: "Standardization in polished stone toll forms and functions was one of the socioeconomic changes experienced by the societies that lived in the flood plain zone of the Tonlé Sap during the transition of Neolithic and Metal periods in Cambodia."</p><br>
<p>Other observations showed that the ceramics contained decoration that are incised or impressed, a stylish technology which could exist at other locations; an earthenware vase mounted on a pedestal (reported by Mansuy in 1902 and in Mourer in 1971) attests to the polished stone adzes of the late Neolithic or early Bronze Age and are found in the adjoining countries of Thailand and Vietnam; stylistic changes have been recorded in the stratigraphic sequences such as in the curvilinear geometric ware. The Bronze Age manufacturing of bronze finds at Samrong Sen and other sites in Cambodia are inferred to have been the outcome of supplies of ingots of copper received from central or northeastern Thailand, as Cambodia lacked any copper resources in its own territory. The finished bronze products produced in Cambodia are, however, testified by the large quantity of moulds and workshop remnants found during excavations.</p><br>
<p>It was also revealed that the settlers of Samrong Sen lived in bamboo houses on stilts, much like today</p><br>
<p>Ciseau poli MHNT PRE 2004 0 132 Moura Somrong Sen.jpgChisel - former collection of Jean Moura MHNT</p><br>
<p>Hache à épaulement MHNT PRE 2004 0 135 Moura Somrong Sen.jpgShouldered axes - former collection of Jean Moura MHNT</p><br>
<p>Hache à épaulement MHNT PRE 2004 0 169 Moura Somrong Sen.jpgShouldered axes - former collection of Jean Moura MHNT</p><br>
<p>Disque auriculaire, Somrong, Sen MHNT PRE 2013 0 569 Jean Moura.jpgEar stretching plug - former collection of Jean Moura MHNT</p><br>
<p>Rondelle en pierre poli MHNT PRE 2004 0 572 Moura Somrong Sen.jpgJade ornaments - former collection of Jean Moura MHNT</p><br>
<p>Samrong Sen Parure MHNT PRE 2013 0 570.jpgNecklace - former collection of Jean Moura MHNT</p><br>
<p>Samrong Sen Parure MHNT PRE 2013 0 571 Moura.jpgNecklace - former collection of Jean Moura MHNT</p><br>
<p>Samrong Sen Vase MHNT.PRE.2013.0.579.jpgCeramic bowl decorated - former collection of Jean Moura MHNT</p><br>
<p>Samrong Sen Vase MHNT.PRE.2013.0.578.jpgCeramic vase - former collection of Jean Moura MHNT</p><br>
<h2>Collections</h2><br>
<p>The 1864 Moura collection of 18 items is housed in the Muséum dHistoire Naturelle de Toulouse, along with the undated finds of F. Regnault (11 items) and C.C. Rousseau (15 items). The six items credited to Ludovic Jammes, a teacher from Realmont, France in 1887 are housed in the Musée des Antiquités in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, along with items found by Vitout in 1912, and one item of Corre in 1905. Jammes had collected 71 items which are kept in the Muséum dHistoire Naturelle de Lyon, and part of his collection is at the Smithsonian Institution.</p><br>
<p>Forest Park Carousel is a historic carousel located in Forest Park in the Woodhaven section of the New York City borough of Queens. It was built in 1903 and moved to its present site in 1972 from Dracut, Massachusetts, after the previous carousel was destroyed by fire in 1966. The carousel contains 52 figures, including 36 jumpers, 13 standers, three menagerie figures, and two chariots. It also has its original band organ. It is one of two known surviving carousels built by the Muller brothers. The carousel is housed in a one story, octagonal, open wood frame pavilion designed in 1988 and therefore non-historic.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Closing and reopening</h2><br>
<p>The carousel closed when New York One LLC, its operator, allowed the contract to expire in 2009. Efforts and petitions were made to re-open the carousel after its closing, and obtain city landmark status. The New York City Parks Department sought a new vendor, and also submitted an application for an Environmental Protection Fund grant to help restore the horses. It reopened on May 26, 2012 under the management of NY Carousel.</p><br>
<p>The operation of the carousel was awarded to NY Carousel under a long-term contract. The company embarked on a plan to bring back the carousel to its former glory, which began with removal of the "prison gates" around the building&#39;s perimeter, new paint, and re-opening of the concession stand. The response from the community was overwhelming. The historic carousel has had a lot of riders since it re-opened. In addition, the Woodhaven Residents’ Block Association named NY Carousel their "Business of the Year" for 2012. NY Carousel has said that they plan on bringing additional rides and attractions to the Forest Park Carousel over the long-term.</p><br>
<h3>Landmark</h3><br>
<p>On June 25, 2013 the New York City Landmark Preservation Commission announced that the Forest Park Carousel received landmark designation.</p><br>
<p>RKO Keith&#39;s Theater is a historic RKO Pictures movie theater located in the Flushing section of the New York City borough of Queens. It was designed by noted theater architect Thomas W. Lamb  and built in 1928. It has a plain three story exterior facade, but the auditorium interior was designed in a Spanish Baroque Revival style.</p><br>
<p>Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>and The theater contained approximately 2,974 seats.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The RKO Keiths Theater was opened on Christmas Day in 1928 as a "vaudeville house" On Saturday, January 16, 1965, Hollywood stars Cesar Romers and Connie Stevens also entertained audiences at RKO Keiths Theater; Stevens was a resident of Bayside during that time.</p><br>
<p>The theater was closed in 1986 and then partially gutted illegally by the buildings new owner Thomas Huang. Huang acquired this theater for $3.4 million, with the intention of repurposing and restructuring it into "office space or a shopping mall." However, residents of the community felt that this theater, as a landmark, would go into disrepair had Huangs proposal succeeded. Huang also dumped approximately 10,000 gallons of waste oil in the basement of the theater. He was indicted and pleaded guilty to two felony charges. Additionally, Huang was arrested for "falsely certifying" that the oil tank, from which the oil was dumped, was successfully cleaned in front of the city Fire Department. He was sentenced to five years probation and a $5,000 fine and ordered by the court to remediate conditions in the theater in lieu of serving jail time. Huang ignored the order.</p><br>
<p>The theater changed hands in 2004, 2010, and again in 2013, remaining vacant since its closure in 1984. In 2016 the building was sold to Chinese developers Xinyuan Real Estate who announced plans for a 16-story luxury condominium tower in the space. The new building, which will keep the original facade over the lower floors, will be designed by the firm of I.M. Pei.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. In 1984, the theater&#39;s ticket lobby and grand foyer were landmarked by the Landmarks Preservation Commission. This was an abridged designation.</p><br>
<p>A group called the "Committee to Save the RKO Keiths Theatre of Flushing, Inc." (which dates its work back to 1981) worked to gain community support as part of its goal to maintain and preserve RKO Keiths Theater for adaptive re-use as a performing arts/convention center. In 1986-87 over 3,000 Queens residents signed petitions in order to request that the entire structure be granted "landmark status" by New York City. The petitions were submitted to Borough President Claire Shulman, who refused to support landmark status for the entire interior, which had been the original intention of the NYC Landmarks Preservation Commission. The Committees co-founder, Jerry Rotondi, in support of this goal, stated, "A lot have stories to tell. One man proposed to his wife in the balcony of the theater; another said his father used to supply the goldfish that swam in the main lobbys fountain, a nickel a fish. His father caught those fish in Kissena Park Pond." After several residents learned that the RKO Keiths Theater was purchased by developer Thomas Huang, who intended to build a "350-room international hotel" in Flushing, the committee grew and took action. The Committee gained support from the Theater Historical Society, Queens Historical Society, New York Landmarks Conservancy, Queensborough Preservation League and State Senator Frank Padavan. Queens Historical Society wrote a letter to Rotondi, which stated, "The Committees work to protect a recognized landmark from insensitive development and inappropriate use... (is) very commendable."</p><br>
<p>At the start of 1989, RKO Keith&#39;s interior landmark was struck by vandalism; "two sets of bronze doors" were stolen along with their frames. In order to properly ascertain this problem, Jerry Rotondi and requested a thorough inspection from the Landmarks Preservation Commission; this was done after Rotondi realized the "plywood barrier around the construction site had been broken." After completing their survey of the interior damages, both Richard McTighe (the landmarks preservationist) and Thomas Huang unanimously decided that a "new gate" should be built "between the plywood barrier and the designated space."</p><br>
<p>In 2009, preservationists sought to purchase RKO Keiths Theater in the hopes of repurposing or renovating it as a performing arts center with two objectives, "to honor its storied past and once again entertain the community." The theaters price was valued at $24 million. In order to fully revitalize the theater, preservationists and fans, referred to as the "Friends of RKO Keiths," sought to collect donations from various film stars. Jon Favreau was one such actor they hoped would make a donation because he once worked and "sold popcorn at RKO Keiths."</p><br>
<p>The Hardberg transmitter is a transmission tower owned by the Hessischer Rundfunk. It is located on the 593 meters  high Hardberg mountain on the south tip of Hesse. It is used for radio and formerly TV broadcasting.</p><br>
<p>The transmitter was first constructed in 1951 as a steel tube pylon. This was replaced in 1988 by a 135 meters high guyed lattice tower.</p><br>
<h2>Coverage</h2><br>
<p>The Hardberg transmitter covers the southern parts of the state of Hesse, including the city of Darmstadt, the Bergstraße area and some southern parts of the Odenwald mountain range. Its signal reaches very far to the south, up to and including the city of Stuttgart and the areas beyond, as well as the west. Generally, its coverage area overlaps a lot with Großer Feldberg transmitter.</p><br>
<h2>Channels</h2><br>
<p>Analog radio:</p><br>
<p>hr1 - 90.6 MHz (50 kW)</p><br>
<p>hr3 - 92.7 MHz (50 kW)</p><br>
<p>hr4 - 101.6 MHz (50 kW)</p><br>
<p>YOU FM - 95.3 MHz (50 kW)</p><br>
<p>Analog television (no longer on air)</p><br>
<p>VHF 5 - ARD (10 kW)</p><br>
<p>Digital television is not transmitted from here, because of the coverage overlap mentioned above.</p><br>
<p>Lake Tikub (also known as Lake Ticub,</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Lake Tikub is a maar or a low-profile volcano created by phreatomagmatic eruption or the interaction between groundwater and magma underneath the Earth&#39;s surface. Like the seven lakes in the city of San Pablo, Laguna, which is about 15 km away, the lake is one of the monogenetic volcanoes located in the Southwestern Luzon Volcanic field.</p><br>
<h2>Getting there</h2><br>
<p>From Manila, take the Pan-Philippine Highway South heading to Lucena City. In Tiaong, Quezon, upon reaching the Total Gas station to your left. When you reach the steel bridge, slow down and turn right on the first small road, across the barangay hall. Drive straight through the rough road until you reach a clearing going uphill to your left. Walk uphill until you reach the lake.</p><br>
<p>The Priory Church  is a religious building in El Puerto de Santa María, province of Cádiz, Spain. It is documented from 1486 when the building was under construction. It was damaged by an earthquake in the 17th century and was partly rebuilt in the Baroque style. As a result of being constructed in two phases, the church contains both Gothic and Baroque architecture, exemplified in its portals.</p><br>
<p>It was declared Bien de Interés Cultural (a category in the Spanish heritage register) in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The church is situated on one side of Plaza España, opposite the Municipal Museum. It was situated in this area of the town to avoid being affected by flooding by the Guadalete River.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original Priory Church in El Puerto de Santa Maria was founded in the 13th century, but the current Church was constructed in the late fifteenth century. The beginning of construction work is referenced in documents dating to 1486, and the church first opened for public worship in 1493. The date of completion is not known, although the beginning of construction work is referenced in documents dating to 1486. Alonso Rodríguez is documented as one of the architects. It was built using sandstone from the Sierra de San Cristóbal, a mountain nearby in Cádiz. Sandstone from the same location was also used for pillars in Seville Cathedral.</p><br>
<p>Additions were subsequently made to the structure. The first chapel alongside the nave of the Epistle was built in 1517 by Juan de Lucena. This chapel was bought by Benito Benavides and his wife in 1533, to be used for their burials.</p><br>
<p>In 1636, the church was damaged in an earthquake that affected El Puerto de Santa María.</p><br>
<h3>Present day</h3><br>
<p>The church is open for both public worship and for tourists. There is no entrance fee.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The church was built in a Gothic style, although it has baroque and Plateresque elements, as the original structure has been expanded and altered since its construction.</p><br>
<p>The church has doorways from different periods. One of the entrances, known as the "Door of Forgiveness", is constructed in the Gothic style and dates from the original construction. The doorway currently used as the main entrance is the "Sun Portal" (Puerto del Sol), which gives access from the Plaza España to the nave of the Epistle.</p><br>
<p>The Puerto del Sol was added to the church in the 16th century, probably between 1535 and 1544, and is attributed to Martin Gaínza, an architect who also worked on Seville Cathedral. Its original construction was finances by Don Juan de la Cerda, the Duke of Medina at the time. Additions were made in the 17th century, when rebuilding work was carried out following the earthquake. There is a series of sculptures depicting the Christian virtues of faith, hope and charity. The niches between the lower columns contain small sculptures depicting the Church Fathers.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The church&#39;s interior, which displays a number of different styles due to restoration work during its history, has several important architectural features and works of art. This includes two altarpieces, one cast in silver by Jose Medina in 1682, which is currently located in the Chapel of the Shrine, and another in the Chapel of Our Lady of Miracles, which was created in the 16th century by a member of the Pedro Duque y Cornejo school.</p><br>
<p>The Parker Building  is a historic commercial building located at 222-224 South Seventh Street in Brainerd, Minnesota.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Romanesque style, three-story building was built in 1909 by the Parker-Dunn Corporation, mainly to serve the 1889-organized Citizens State Bank (Charles N. Parker was vice president), but it was also home to a piano store and, in its basement, a barber shop.</p><br>
<p>Since 1984, it has housed E.L. Menk Jewelers, whose website has some interesting historical information about the building:</p><br>
<p>“In 1920, Con O’Brien bought the building, apparently for 45,000.00. In 1924, the bank across the street to the south failed. One local story is that Con O’Brien had a son that was the black sheep of the family who showed up at his dad’s office in the middle of the day and told his dad that he was fired from the Citizens bank. Con then canceled the banks lease and the bank moved across the street in 1927.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1980’s Jon Rappaport bought the building and land on a contract for deed. The upper two floors have been unoccupied since the winter of 1983 because the boiler system failed. Mr. Rappaport turned back the building in early 1988. At that time Ed and Susan Menk bought the building. Since then the main floor has been occupied by various businesses.”</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 23, 1980.</p><br>
<p>Elm Bluff is a historic former plantation and plantation house in the rural community of Elm Bluff, Dallas County, Alabama, United States. Situated on a bluff high above the Alabama River, the now near-ruinous house is considered by architectural historians to be one of the most refined and unusual Greek Revival-style houses in the state.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Elm Bluff was established by John Jay Crocheron around 1840. A lifelong bachelor, Crocheron was born on August 21, 1795 in Richmondtown, Staten Island, New York. He was the son of John Crocheron and Johanna Houseman. The Crocherons were a French Huguenot family. Following the death of his father, Crocheron relocated to Alabama. He was elected as one of twelve directors for the Bank of Alabama during the 1820s, when the bank was located in Cahaba. While in Cahaba he established a successful mercantile business and engaged in various commercial enterprises in Mobile, including ownership of steamships.</p><br>
<p>By 1840 John Jay Crocheron had transferred the running of the mercantile business in Cahaba to his half-brother, Richard Conner Crocheron. Richard Crocheron was one among many Crocheron relatives who had relocated to Alabama from New York. His brick mansion at Cahaba burned in the early 20th century, although some of the monumental brick columns remain, known now as the "Crocheron Columns."</p><br>
<p>Following the transfer of the business to Richard, John Jay Crocheron then relocated to Elm Bluff, near his Crocheron and Stoutenborough relatives in Richmond, named in honor of their former home in New York. He began acquiring additional property until the plantation comprised several thousand acres. In 1845 he completed the main house.</p><br>
<p>His great-niece and longtime Dean of Barnard College, Virginia Crocheron Gildersleeve, described life at Elm Bluff in her memoirs, Many a good crusade:</p><br>
<p>Elm Bluff was a large plantation with about two hundred slaves. My great-uncle entertained many of his neighbors and friends there. As he had no wife, he used to bring down from the North a "lady housekeeper," so called, who presided and acted as hostess. In those days travel was almost entirely by river steamers, which had a habit of running on mudbanks and being delayed for a day or two at a time. Gentlemen from the plantations for many miles around used to ride to Elm Bluff and settle down with my great-uncle to stay as might be necessary, until their steamer came along and carried them on down to Mobile. In the big house at Elm Bluff there was a large library, and there, laid out on a long table, were American periodicals and many European ones. I like to know this and to realize that the people who lived in Alabama in those long-ago days were not cut off from the world.</p><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, when many of his family members had returned to New York, John Jay Crocheron stayed in Alabama and helped finance a Confederate cavalry unit, named in his honor. Crocheron presented over 100 Colt Dragoon Revolvers to the men of this company at the start of the war. In honor of their benefactor, they named their company after him. The Governor of Alabama, from a stockpile of 600, presented each commissioned officer of the early Alabama companies with a Colt 1851 Navy Revolver. Four officers with the Crocheron Light Dragoons were presented one of these guns from the governor. Three of the four Crocheron Light Dragoon Colt Navy’s survive. The Crocheron Light Dragoons served as the escort company to successive commanders of the Army of Tennessee following the Battle of Shiloh, continuing until the end of the Civil War. These commanders were Braxton Bragg, Joseph E. Johnston, and John Bell Hood. John Jay Crocheron died before the end of the war, on October 17, 1864.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Considered by architectural scholars to be a "New York house in a Deep South setting," Crocheron&#39;s house at Elm Bluff serves as evidence of his Staten Island origins. Stylistically the house features details usually associated more with the expression of the Greek Revival style in the Northeast and Midwest than with that of the South.</p><br>
<p>The -story house is built of plantation-produced brick, with granite window sills and lintels. The granite was shipped from the Northeast by Crocheron. The exterior featured a one-story fluted Doric portico, now partially destroyed, centered on the front facade. The front and side facades feature full-height Doric pilasters, six on the front and four on each side. The rear of the house originally incorporated a two-story brick ell to one side, used as a domestic wing. It has been completely destroyed. A one-story rear porch wrapped around the remaining length of the main rear facade and one side of the ell.</p><br>
<p>The most unusual feature of the house is its "eyebrow" windows set into the frieze above the pilasters, each originally masked with wooden screens utilizing a Greek Key motif. More commonly seen in Northeastern houses, these windows admitted light and air to the low-ceilinged rooms on the largely hidden third floor. The soffits feature mutules studded with guttae. A hipped roof tops the cornice.</p><br>
<p>The interior of Elm Bluff is divided by a spacious center hall on all levels, usually with two rooms to each side. The brick interior walls are . A series of wide staircases in the central halls of each level wind up to the third floor. Like the exterior, the interior originally demonstrated a high level of finish. Many of the architectural elements were taken from pattern books, such as those by Minard Lafever and Asher Benjamin. Most of the wooden details, such as base boards, stair banisters, and door facings, have now been removed or vandalized. Details that have survived intact are the Greek Revival casings that survive on some of the window and door openings on the upper floors and finely contoured plasterwork crown moldings.</p><br>
<p>The Wainwright Tomb is a mausoleum located in Bellefontaine Cemetery in St. Louis, Missouri. Originally constructed for Charlotte Dickson Wainwright in 1892, the tomb also contains the remains of her husband, Ellis Wainwright. The mausoleum was designed by noted Chicago school architect Louis Sullivan, who also designed the Wainwright Building for Ellis Wainwright.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Shortly after the construction of the Wainwright Building in Downtown St. Louis (itself now a National Historic Landmark), the "young and beautiful" wife of wealthy St. Louis brewery owner Ellis Wainwright died.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and significance</h2><br>
<p>The tomb is a domed cubic building with walls of concrete covered in limestone on the exterior. On the northeast (front) side of the tomb is the entrance with a double-leafed bronze grill and double-doors. The sides of the tomb each have windows, also covered in bronze grills. The limestone walls are carved with floral patterns that do not repeat. The interior of the tomb has two burial slabs and a mosaic floor and ceiling. The Wainwright Tomb has significance as a work of Louis Sullivan, and it has been described as "the most sensitive and the most graceful of Sullivans tombs" and as "one of Sullivans masterpieces."</p><br>
<p>The Boone County Distillery Superintendent&#39;s House and Guest House is a historic house located in Petersburg, Kentucky. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The building was planned with four apartments, two up and two down. The two first-floor units have shed roofed kitchens, lacking on the second floor. This is a rare surviving example of a 19th-century multiple residence structure in Boone County.</p><br>
<p>The Boone County Distillery was a major local industry between the American Civil War and 1916, consisting at the time of the 1883 atlas of approximately 25 buildings, most of which have been demolished. The only other known distillery located in Boone County was in the Ohio River town of Hamilton, and none of the buildings associated with that distillery remain.</p><br>
<p>The Bauer Manor, also known as the Davenport House or Davenport Hotel, is a hotel located at 1280 USA Route 12  near the unincorporated community of Tipton in Franklin Township in northern Lenawee County, Michigan. It was designated as a Michigan State Historic State on May 18, 1971 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 4, 2007.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Chicago Road (now USA 12) was built in the late 1820s and early 1830s, and quickly became a prime transportation route. In 1834, Henry W. Sisson built a log tavern at this site along the Chicago Road. In 1839, he sold the tavern and associated property to John Davenport, the owner of a local saw and grist mill. Davenport owned the property until 1864, and at some time during that period constructed the present hotel building, Although the exact date of construction is unknown, it was likely in about 1861.</p><br>
<p>In 1864, Davenport sold the hotel to Henry Lancaster. Lancaster renamed the hotel the "Lancaster House," and operated it as a hotel and a social center for the local population until 1884, when he moved. He continued to own the property until 1888, when the mortgage was foreclosed. At that time, businessmen John and Edward Smith purchased the hotel, and in 1889 sold it to Edward L. Clapp. Clapp served as the local postmaster, and operated a post office in the hotel from 1890 to 1900. In 1907, Clapp sold the hotel to Charles F. Pitcher, who operated it until his death in 1925. Frank H. Ridley then purchased it, and hired George and Jessie Bauer to manage the establishment.</p><br>
<p>The late 1920s were a boom period for the Irish Hills area: the Chicago Road was paved in 1926, and the area was touted as a tourist destination. The Bauers had the hotel renovated, enlarging the dining room and updating the decor. Frank Ridley owned the hotel until 1938, then sold it to the Bauers, who renamed in "Bauer Manor." The Bauers retired in 1963, and sold the hotel to Kenneth and Mary Van Doren in 1965. The establishment became primarily a restaurant, still operating under the "Bauer Manor" name. AI and Diane Andrews purchased the hotel in 1979, and the restaurant continued operation until 2003. In the later 2000s, the property was renovated into office space and apartments, and the lower floor housed a realty company.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Bauer Manor is a broad, two-story wooden Greek Revival structure with a wide hip-roof main mass, a gabled wing extending to the rear from one end, and another rear single-story addition constructed in 1965. The front facade is seven bays wide, with a two-story square-column portico extending across the entire front. Two entrances are in the front. The primary entrance is located near the center, and has a Revival molded trim enframement, sidelights, and a transom. A plainer, secondary entrance is located at one end of the building. Both the front and side facades have double-hung six-over-six windows.</p><br>
<p>The original interior layout had the main entrance opening into an entry hall containing a staircase. Off the hall was a dining room, two bedrooms, a bar area, and a kitchen behind. The dining room has since been expanded twice: once in the 1920s with the removal of the two bedrooms, and later in the 1960s with the construction of a rear addition. On the second floor, a central hallway leads to the guest rooms. To the rear is a large ballroom. The ballroom has since been subdivided.</p><br>
<p>The Sacramento Historic City Cemetery , located at 1000 Broadway, at 10th Street, is the oldest existing cemetery in Sacramento, California. The cemetery is located at the highest point in Sacramento. It was designed to resemble a Victorian garden and sections that are not located in level areas are surrounded by brick or concrete retaining walls to create level terraces. The cemetery grounds are noted for their roses which are said to be among the finest in California.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The cemetery was established in 1849 when Sacramento founder John Augustus Sutter, Jr. donated 10 acre to the city for this purpose. The grounds were landscaped in the Victorian Garden style popular at the time. In 1850, 600 victims of the Cholera epidemic that swept the city were buried in mass graves in City Cemetery. The remainder of the 800 to 1000 victims claimed by the epidemic were buried in the nearby New Helvetia Cemetery, also in mass graves. Because the New Helvetia Cemetery was prone to flooding, these graves were later transferred to City Cemetery. In 1852, a monument was erected to those who died. Howerer the exact location of either burial plot is not known.</p><br>
<p>In 1856, the city engaged a cemetery superintendent and began to plan the grounds. In 1857, the gatehouse and bell tower were constructed. These were demolished in 1949 during the widening of Broadway.</p><br>
<p>Several fraternal groups purchased sections for their members including the Masons (1859), Odd Fellows (1861) and the Sacramento Pioneers Association (1862). The city set aside a section for volunteer firemen in 1858 and members of the Grand Army of the Republic in 1878.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery continued to acquire additional land through 1880 when Margaret Crocker, widow of Edwin B. Crocker, donated 23 acre to expand the grounds to 60 acre total.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a State Historic Landmark on May 5, 1957 by the State Historical Landmarks Commission.</p><br>
<p>The City of Sacramento owns the cemetery, which today encompasses 44 acre. In 1986, a group of residents were concerned by the lack of maintenance and ongoing vandalism and formed the Old City Cemetery Committee. In 1987, the committee became part of the Sacramento County Historical Society and in 2003, it became an independent organization dedicated to the preservation of the historic site.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>These are some of the notable people interred in the cemetery:</p><br>
<p>Hardin Bigelow – first directly-elected Mayor of Sacramento</p><br>
<p>Marion Biggs – United States Representative from California</p><br>
<p>John Bigler – third Governor of California and Minister to Chile</p><br>
<p>Newton Booth – United States Senator & Eleventh Governor of California</p><br>
<p>John Chilton Burch – United States Representative from California</p><br>
<p>Amos P. Catlin – California State Legislator that wrote and carried the bill to make Sacramento the permanent capital of California</p><br>
<p>Thomas Jefferson Clunie – United States Representative from California</p><br>
<p>George B. Cosby – Confederate State Army Brigader General</p><br>
<p>Aimée Crocker – heiress daughter of Edwin B. Crocker</p><br>
<p>Edwin B. Crocker – California Supreme Court Justice and founder of the Crocker Art Museum</p><br>
<p>Jerome C. Davis - Pioneer rancher/farmer and namesake of Davis, California and UC Davis, which were built on his former land</p><br>
<p>Charles Duncombe – California State Assemblymember in Sacramento County and one of the first doctors in Sacramento</p><br>
<p>James L. English – Mayor of Sacramento and State Treasurer of California</p><br>
<p>Newton T. Gould – Civil War soldier and Medal of Honor recipient</p><br>
<p>William S. Hamilton – son of American founding father Alexander Hamilton. He died in Sacramento, most likely of cholera, in October 1850.</p><br>
<p>Frederick Winslow Hatch – served as Chaplain of the United States Senate</p><br>
<p>Mark Hopkins, Jr. – one of the Big Four & a founder of the Central Pacific Railroad</p><br>
<p>William Irwin – thirteenth Governor of California</p><br>
<p>Grove L. Johnson – United States Representative from California and father of United States Senator & Governor of California Hiram Johnson</p><br>
<p>Hugh C. Murray – California Supreme Court Justice</p><br>
<p>Henry L. Nichols – Mayor of Sacramento and Secretary of State of California</p><br>
<p>Levi Rackliffe – State Treasurer of California</p><br>
<p>Benjamin B. Redding – Mayor of Sacramento, California State Assemblymember, Secretary of State of California and the namesake for the city of Redding, California</p><br>
<p>Lebbeus Simkins – Civil War sailor and Medal of Honor recipient</p><br>
<p>Royal T. Sprague – California State Senator and California Supreme Court Justice</p><br>
<p>John Augustus Sutter, Jr. – founder and planner of the City of Sacramento, USA Consul in Acapulco, Mexico and son of John Augustus Sutter, Sr.</p><br>
<p>Jabez Turner – Mayor of Sacramento</p><br>
<p>A. A. H. Tuttle – California State Assemblymember, Secretary of State of California and the namesake of Tuttletown, California</p><br>
<p>Edwin G. Waite – California State Assemblymember and Secretary of State of California</p><br>
<p>Albert Maver Winn – first City Council of Sacramento and chosen as President (ex officio Mayor), California State Adjutant General and founder of the Native Sons of the Golden West</p><br>
<p>Gen. George Wright – General in the Union Army of the American Civil War</p><br>
<p>Lt. Thomas F. Wright – son of Gen. George Wright, was killed while fighting in the Modoc War</p><br>
<p>Elisabeth Philippine Zimmermann - Survivor of the Donner Party and wife of Lewis Keseberg, its most infamous survivor. He died in 1895, but his grave site is unknown. The Kesebergs lost two children, Lewis Jr. and Ada at Donner Lake, but went on to have nine more.</p><br>
<p>The Jamaica Savings Bank building, located in the Jamaica section of the borough of Queens in New York City, was built between 1897 and 1898 in the Beaux-Arts style. It is a slender four story brick building with a limestone facade. It features a deeply rusticated ground floor with windows protected by elegant metal grilles. The facade is framed by double-story pilasters and covered with elaborate carved brackets, swags and other elements.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original Jamaica Savings Bank was incorporated on April 20, 1866 by 19 local business leaders, including John Alsop King, governor of New York (1857-1858); Morris Fosdick, and Colonel Aaron A. Degrauw, who met in the Jamaica Town Hall in an effort to "pool their local resources for the purpose of protecting their savings and financing future development" of the Jamaica area. The bank officially opened to the public on July 14, 1866 at 161-02 Jamaica Avenue - a year after the civil war - and operated out of the Queens County Clerk&#39;s office with 15 customers depositing a total of $2,675.00. To supplement the ever-expanding community of Jamaica, the bank trustees hired the architectural firm of Hough and Deuell to build the new Beaux-Arts style bank headquarters that became flagship building of the Jamaica Savings Bank in 1898. "This building conveyed the kind of monumentality that is often associated with private social clubs and civic institutions."</p><br>
<p>With the advent of the railroad and other transportation systems, Jamaica quickly developed into the economical and commercial hub of Queens County throughout the early-twentieth century. To fulfill the economic needs of Jamaica&#39;s rapidly expanding population, the President of the Jamaica Savings Bank, George S. Downing, felt that the creation of more bank branches was necessary. In December 1934, the Queensboro Savings Bank (located at 90-55 Sutphin Boulevard) was merged with the Jamaica Savings Bank. As a result, the Queensboro Savings Bank was henceforth known as the Jamaica Savings Bank; the bank with the Jamaica Avenue address became the Main Office of the company and the Sutphin Boulevard address served as the Branch Office. The employees of the Queensboro Savings Bank all retained their positions but were then considered employees of the Jamaica Savings Bank.</p><br>
<p>In 1934, Jamaica Savings Bank had a total of 50,614 accountants and was listed as fifty-seventh among the 100 largest savings banks in the United States. The officers of the Jamaica Savings Bank at that time were George S. Downing, president; Supreme Court Justice Leander B. Faber, Robert W. Higbie and George K. Meynen, vice-presidents; Charles R. Doughty, treasurer; G. Warren Smith, secretary, and Richard W. Reeves, assistant secretary.</p><br>
<p>On August 27, 1938, George S. Downing announced that the construction of the second Jamaica Savings Bank branch was underway and was expected to be completed on February 1, 1939. Downing stated that the "decision to construct the building had been precipitated by the rapid grown of the Jamaica area" and that the "extension of the Eighth Avenue subway line to Jamaica had resulted in a phenomenal growth of apartments in that section." The Sutphin Boulevard Branch of the Jamaica Savings Bank officially opened on April 22, 1939 and was designed by Architect Morrell Smith of 475 Fifth Avenue and Builder/General Contractor Theodore L. Rubsamen and Company of Jamaica. This unique art deco building featured striking decorative features; its most notable feature being the American eagle carved in a low relief and placed over the entrance. "Ornamental cast bronze doors grace the entrance which opens upon a semicircular vestibule lined with marble of black and gold...Furnishings in American walnut, bronze lighting fixtures...and carpets of and draperies of harmonious design and hue complete the interior.</p><br>
<p>The legacy of the Jamaica Savings Bank lasted for nearly a century until the bank was acquired by North Fork Bank in 1999, which itself was acquired by Capital One Bank in 2008. As of this writing, the Sutphin Boulevard branch of the Jamaica Savings Bank building is a Capital One Bank branch. The original Jamaica Savings Bank building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983, and a New York City Landmark in 2008. The second branch building on Sutphin Boulevard was dedicated as a New York City Landmark in 2010.</p><br>
<p>Jamaica Chamber of Commerce Building is a historic office building located in the Jamaica section of the New York City borough of Queens. It was designed in 1928 by George W. Conable  and is a ten story, "T" shaped building in the Colonial Revival style.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On May 23, 1919, the Jamaica Chamber of Commerce (originally called the Jamaica Board of Trade) was conceived and established at a meeting 17 civic-minded businessmen and community leaders and incorporated. The purpose of this meeting was to promote the development Jamaica as a residential community and commercial center.</p><br>
<p>By the mid 1920s, the Board expanded and moved Jamaica Avenue further out to the Stuart Building between 163rd and 164th Streets. During this time, the growth of greater Jamaica was significant and new residential developments were constructed; the development of these residential districts caused the business district to expand. In July 1927, the Board of Trade changed its organizations name to the Jamaica Chamber of Commerce in order to reflect the organizations "broader scope" of interests. A committee spent a year considering the construction and establishment of a building specifically for the Chamber of Commerce; the first idea for this new building was suggested by Secretary Max C. Bunyan. He suggested that in order to improve the work of the organization, "A building of its own, properly equipped, would be a big help towards making the Jamaica Board of Trade 100 percent efficient and...that such a building could be erected, a part of it being set aside from offices and other business purposes, and that it could be operated at a profit to the organization."</p><br>
<p>In August 1928, George W. Conable submitted plans for a ten-story office building with a commercial ground floor, which included seven stories of rentable office space, as well as two stories reserved specifically for the offices, meeting and dining rooms of the Chamber of Commerce. The construction of this structure commenced in October 1928. On May 20, 1929, the building was dedicated; the Long Island Daily Press praised it as "a decided asset to the community, and a building that can hold its own in an architectural beauty contest."</p><br>
<h2>Design and Style</h2><br>
<p>George W. Conable designed this building with a distinctive facade based on 19th-century American and British precedents.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Bridge No. L-5573, also known as the Clinton Falls Bridge and Old Mill Bridge, is a historic Pratt through truss steel bridge that spans the Straight River in Clinton Falls Township, Steele County, Minnesota. The public bridge was placed on the National Register of Historic Places  on January 25, 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The Clinton Falls Bridge is a single span, pin-connected steel Pratt through truss structure on concrete and limestone abutments. The overall dimension of the combined substructure and superstructure is 125 ft by 22 ft.</p><br>
<p>The superstructure is eight panels and includes a floor system made up of 3 by treated timbers on 5 in steel I-section stringers which are themselves supported by 12 in steel I-section floor beams. These beams are fastened to the hip verticals with riveted plates and are riveted directly to the intermediate posts, except for one exception: the first post to the east on the south side is welded to the floor beam with a steel plate set eight inches off center; it is uncertain whether this was a repair or a correction of the design as it was being built. Both top and bottom lateral bracing consists of eye rods stabilized at intersecting points with bolted plates. The top chords, end posts, and intermediate posts are channels with riveted cover plates and lacing bars. The hip verticals are double forged eye rods, while the diagonals are double punched eye bars. The counters are turnbuckles. The lateral and portal struts are double angles to which portal bracing (double angles) is connected with ledger plates. The portal struts and bracing make up a riveted unit which is bolted to the end posts. 2 in by 6 in wooden guard rails are boted to the bridge with angle sections. A builder&#39;s plate is fastened to the top portal struts at each end of the bridge.</p><br>
<p>The concrete, poured onto the limestone abutments and wing walls, was added in 1975; other than that, the bridge is essentially in original condition. A fragmentary abutment, which supported an earlier, shorter structure at the same crossing, is located west of the current east bank abutment.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Settlement in the area of Clinton Falls Township began in the 1850s; by 1855, Steele County was created and the township officially designated. Clinton Falls was one of the county&#39;s first settlements, flourishing in large part because of the establishment of the first gristmill in the county.</p><br>
<p>The current bridge is the second bridge built on the site. In 1867, the people of Steele County voted to build a covered bridge for approximately $3000. It is believed that some of the abutments for that original bridge were used in the present one. In May 19, 1894, the Clinton Falls Township Board voted to build an "iron bridge" with steel joists over the river and awarded a contract to the George E. King Bridge Company of Des Moines, Iowa. The old bridge was removed by September 27 and a large force began rapidly installing the new structure in its place. The new bridge was finished on October 2, 1894 and was described as "all iron and steel, except the planks and railing." On December 3, 1894 the Steele County Board agree to assume 60% of the cost of the bridge.</p><br>
<p>Over the decades, Clinton Falls Township faded away: the town&#39;s mill, school, church, store and post office all closed and the bridge became one of the few historic structures left. In 1970, the bridge was declared unsafe for vehicles and in need of repairs estimated at $3000. With few residents living on one side, the Township Board elected to close the bridge to all traffic. The plan was met with vehement opposition from residents on the isolated side of the bridge. The situation was resolved when Reuben Kaplan, the owner of a business in nearby Owatonna, Minnesota, donated the money to repair the abutments and cement work and put in new wood planks and railings.</p><br>
<p>It carried Township Road No. 95 before it was closed to traffic again in 1994, its 100th year. Local residents formed the Save the Clinton Falls Bridge Committee to raise money to repair the bridge as well as push for historic preservation. Concerned residents contacted the Minnesota Historical Society, which vetted their claims and hired a historian to prepare its NRHP nomination, which was successful. As of October 2010, the bridge remains closed to traffic.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Clinton Falls Bridge is significant as an example of early steel truss bridge design in Minnesota. Highway bridges were an important part of European-American settlement in Minnesota. Wood and combination wood-iron bridges in various truss configurations were an important method of building medium and long spans, while masonry arch construction was preferred for short spans. Initially, wrought iron and wood were used in combination on Howe truss configurations. These bridges peaked in popularity in the 1870s. All-iron construction started to appear with bowstring arch bridges, but by the 1880s the pin-connected Pratt through truss had become the standard structural type for long span bridges in Minnesota. Steel was first used in truss bridge design in the form of connecting eye bars, but by 1895 it had replaced wrought iron in nearly all structural members. Bridges from the 1890s represent the first extensive use of this material for bridge construction in Minnesota. It is the only remaining example of the George E. King Bridge Company&#39;s work in Minnesota.</p><br>
